USC Subchapter IV

in effect

6 U.S.C. § 1151 Definitions

In this subchapter, the following definitions apply: (1) Appropriate congressional committeesThe term “appropriate congressional committees” means the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Homeland Security and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives. (2) SecretaryThe term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Homeland Security. (3) DepartmentThe term “Department” means the Department of Homeland Security. (4) Over-the-road busThe term “over-the-road bus” means a bus characterized by an elevated passenger deck located over a baggage compartment. (5) Over-the-road bus frontline employeesIn this section,11 So in original. “In this section,” probably should not appear. the term “over-the-road bus frontline employees” means over-the-road bus drivers, security personnel, dispatchers, maintenance and maintenance support personnel, ticket agents, other terminal employees, and other employees of an over-the-road bus operator or terminal owner or operator that the Secretary determines should receive security training under this subchapter. (6) Railroad frontline employeesIn this section,1 the term “railroad frontline employees” means security personnel, dispatchers, locomotive engineers, conductors, trainmen, other onboard employees, maintenance and maintenance support personnel, bridge tenders, and any other employees of railroad carriers that the Secretary determines should receive security training under this subchapter. (7) RailroadThe term “railroad” has the meaning that term has in section 20102 of title 49. (8) Railroad carrierThe term “railroad carrier” has the meaning that term has in section 20102 of title 49. (9) StateThe term “State” means any one of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and any other territory or possession of the United States. (10) TerrorismThe term “terrorism” has the meaning that term has in section 101 of this title. (11) TransportationThe term “transportation”, as used with respect to an over-the-road bus, means the movement of passengers or property by an over-the-road bus—(A) in the jurisdiction of the United States between a place in a State and a place outside the State (including a place outside the United States); or (B) in a State that affects trade, traffic, and transportation described in subparagraph (A). (12) United StatesThe term “United States” means the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and any other territory or possession of the United States. (13) Security-sensitive materialThe term “security-sensitive material” means a material, or a group or class of material, in a particular amount and form that the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, determines, through a rulemaking with opportunity for public comment, poses a significant risk to national security while being transported in commerce due to the potential use of the material in an act of terrorism. In making such a designation, the Secretary shall, at a minimum, consider the following:(A) Class 7 radioactive materials. (B) Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 explosives. (C) Materials poisonous or toxic by inhalation, including Division 2.3 gases and Division 6.1 materials. (D) A select agent or toxin regulated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under part 73 of title 42, Code of Federal Regulations. (14) Disadvantaged business concernsThe term “disadvantaged business concerns” means small businesses that are owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals as defined in section 124,22 So in original. Probably should be “part 124,”. of title 13, Code of Federal Regulations. (15) AmtrakThe term “Amtrak” means the National Railroad Passenger Corporation.

6 U.S.C. § 1152 Oversight and grant procedures

(a) Secretarial oversightThe Secretary, in coordination with 11 So in original. The word “the” probably should appear. Secretary of Transportation for grants awarded to Amtrak, shall establish necessary procedures, including monitoring and audits, to ensure that grants made under this subchapter are expended in accordance with the purposes of this subchapter and the priorities and other criteria developed by the Secretary. (b) Additional audits and reviewsThe Secretary, and the Secretary of Transportation for grants awarded to Amtrak, may award contracts to undertake additional audits and reviews of the safety, security, procurement, management, and financial compliance of a recipient of amounts under this subchapter. (c) Procedures for grant awardNot later than 180 days after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall prescribe procedures and schedules for the awarding of grants under this subchapter, including application and qualification procedures, and a record of decision on applicant eligibility. The procedures shall include the execution of a grant agreement between the grant recipient and the Secretary and shall be consistent, to the extent practicable, with the grant procedures established under section 70107(i) and (j) of title 46. (d) Additional authority(1) IssuanceThe Secretary may issue non-binding letters of intent to recipients of a grant under this subchapter, to commit funding from future budget authority of an amount, not more than the Federal Government’s share of the project’s cost, for a capital improvement project. (2) ScheduleThe letter of intent under this subsection shall establish a schedule under which the Secretary will reimburse the recipient for the Government’s share of the project’s costs, as amounts become available, if the recipient, after the Secretary issues that letter, carries out the project without receiving amounts under a grant issued under this subchapter. (3) Notice to SecretaryA recipient that has been issued a letter of intent under this section shall notify the Secretary of the recipient’s intent to carry out a project before the project begins. (4) Notice to CongressThe Secretary shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a written notification at least 5 days before the issuance of a letter of intent under this subsection. (5) LimitationsA letter of intent issued under this subsection is not an obligation of the Federal Government under section 1501 of title 31, and the letter is not deemed to be an administrative commitment for financing. An obligation or administrative commitment may be made only as amounts are provided in authorization and appropriations laws. (e) Return of misspent grant fundsAs part of the grant agreement under subsection (c), the Secretary shall require grant applicants to return any misspent grant funds received under this subchapter that the Secretary considers to have been spent for a purpose other than those specified in the grant award. The Secretary shall take all necessary actions to recover such funds. (f) Congressional notificationNot later than 5 days before the award of any grant is made under this subchapter, the Secretary shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the intent to award such grant. (g) GuidelinesThe Secretary shall ensure, to the extent practicable, that grant recipients under this subchapter who use contractors or subcontractors use small, minority, women-owned, or disadvantaged business concerns as contractors or subcontractors when appropriate.

6 U.S.C. § 1153 Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation to carry out section 1165 of this title— (1) $38,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (2) $40,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (3) $55,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (4) $70,000,000 for fiscal year 2011.

6 U.S.C. § 1154 Public awareness

Not later than 180 days after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall develop a national plan for railroad and over-the-road bus security public outreach and awareness. Such a plan shall be designed to increase awareness of measures that the general public, passengers, and employees of railroad carriers and over-the-road bus operators can take to increase the security of the national railroad and over-the-road bus transportation systems. Such a plan shall also provide outreach to railroad carriers and over-the-road bus operators and their employees to improve their awareness of available technologies, ongoing research and development efforts, and available Federal funding sources to improve security. Not later than 9 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall implement the plan developed under this section.

6 U.S.C. § 1155 Security awareness program

(a) EstablishmentThe Administrator shall establish a program to promote surface transportation security through the training of surface transportation operators and frontline employees on each of the skills identified in subsection (c). (b) ApplicationThe program established under subsection (a) shall apply to all modes of surface transportation, including public transportation, rail, highway, motor carrier, and pipeline. (c) TrainingThe program established under subsection (a) shall cover, at a minimum, the skills necessary to recognize, assess, and respond to suspicious items or actions that could indicate a threat to transportation. (d) Assessment(1) In generalThe Administrator shall conduct an assessment of current training programs for surface transportation operators and frontline employees. (2) ContentsThe assessment shall identify—(A) whether other training is being provided, either voluntarily or in response to other Federal requirements; and (B) whether there are any gaps in existing training. (e) UpdatesThe Administrator shall ensure the program established under subsection (a) is updated as necessary to address changes in risk and terrorist methods and to close any gaps identified in the assessment under subsection (d). (f) Suspicious activity reporting(1) In generalThe Secretary shall maintain a national telephone number for an individual to use to report suspicious activity under this section to the Administration. (2) ProceduresThe Administrator shall establish procedures for the Administration—(A) to review and follow-up, as necessary, on each report received under paragraph (1); and (B) to share, as necessary and in accordance with law, the report with appropriate Federal, State, local, and tribal entities. (3) Rule of constructionNothing in this section may be construed to—(A) replace or affect in any way the use of 9–1–1 services in an emergency; or (B) replace or affect in any way the security training program requirements specified in sections 1137, 1167, and 1184 of this title. (g) Definition of frontline employeeIn this section, the term “frontline employee” includes—(1) an employee of a public transportation agency who is a transit vehicle driver or operator, dispatcher, maintenance and maintenance support employee, station attendant, customer service employee, security employee, or transit police, or any other employee who has direct contact with riders on a regular basis, and any other employee of a public transportation agency that the Administrator determines should receive security training under this section or that is receiving security training under other law; (2) over-the-road bus drivers, security personnel, dispatchers, maintenance and maintenance support personnel, ticket agents, other terminal employees, and other employees of an over-the-road bus operator or terminal owner or operator that the Administrator determines should receive security training under this section or that is receiving security training under other law; or (3) security personnel, dispatchers, locomotive engineers, conductors, trainmen, other onboard employees, maintenance and maintenance support personnel, bridge tenders, and any other employees of railroad carriers that the Administrator determines should receive security training under this section or that is receiving security training under other law.

6 U.S.C. § 1156 Nuclear material and explosive detection technology

The Secretary, in coordination with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the head of each relevant Federal department or agency researching nuclear material detection systems or explosive detection systems, shall research, facilitate, and, to the extent practicable, deploy next generation technologies, including active neutron interrogation, to detect nuclear material and explosives in transportation systems and transportation facilities.

6 U.S.C. § 1161 Railroad transportation security risk assessment and National Strategy

(a) Risk assessmentThe Secretary shall establish a Federal task force, including the Transportation Security Administration and other agencies within the Department, the Department of Transportation, and other appropriate Federal agencies, to complete, within 6 months of August 3, 2007, a nationwide risk assessment of a terrorist attack on railroad carriers. The assessment shall include—(1) a methodology for conducting the risk assessment, including timelines, that addresses how the Department will work with the entities described in subsection (c) and make use of existing Federal expertise within the Department, the Department of Transportation, and other appropriate agencies; (2) identification and evaluation of critical assets and infrastructure, including tunnels used by railroad carriers in high-threat urban areas; (3) identification of risks to those assets and infrastructure; (4) identification of risks that are specific to the transportation of hazardous materials via railroad; (5) identification of risks to passenger and cargo security, transportation infrastructure protection systems, operations, communications systems, and any other area identified by the assessment; (6) an assessment of employee training and emergency response planning; (7) an assessment of public and private operational recovery plans, taking into account the plans for the maritime sector required under section 70103 of title 46, to expedite, to the maximum extent practicable, the return of an adversely affected railroad transportation system or facility to its normal performance level after a major terrorist attack or other security event on that system or facility; and (8) an account of actions taken or planned by both public and private entities to address identified railroad security issues and an assessment of the effective integration of such actions. (b) National Strategy(1) RequirementNot later than 9 months after August 3, 2007, and based upon the assessment conducted under subsection (a), the Secretary, consistent with and as required by section 114(t) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, shall develop and implement the modal plan for railroad transportation, entitled the “National Strategy for Railroad Transportation Security”. (2) ContentsThe modal plan shall include prioritized goals, actions, objectives, policies, mechanisms, and schedules for, at a minimum—(A) improving the security of railroad tunnels, railroad bridges, railroad switching and car storage areas, other railroad infrastructure and facilities, information systems, and other areas identified by the Secretary as posing significant railroad-related risks to public safety and the movement of interstate commerce, taking into account the impact that any proposed security measure might have on the provision of railroad service or on operations served or otherwise affected by railroad service; (B) deploying equipment and personnel to detect security threats, including those posed by explosives and hazardous chemical, biological, and radioactive substances, and any appropriate countermeasures; (C) consistent with section 1167 of this title, training railroad employees in terrorism prevention, preparedness, passenger evacuation, and response activities; (D) conducting public outreach campaigns for railroads regarding security, including educational initiatives designed to inform the public on how to prevent, prepare for, respond to, and recover from a terrorist attack on railroad transportation; (E) providing additional railroad security support for railroads at high or severe threat levels of alert; (F) ensuring, in coordination with freight and intercity and commuter passenger railroads, the continued movement of freight and passengers in the event of an attack affecting the railroad system, including the possibility of rerouting traffic due to the loss of critical infrastructure, such as a bridge, tunnel, yard, or station; (G) coordinating existing and planned railroad security initiatives undertaken by the public and private sectors; (H) assessing—(i) the usefulness of covert testing of railroad security systems; (ii) the ability to integrate security into infrastructure design; and (iii) the implementation of random searches of passengers and baggage; and (I) identifying the immediate and long-term costs of measures that may be required to address those risks and public and private sector sources to fund such measures. (3) ResponsibilitiesThe Secretary shall include in the modal plan a description of the roles, responsibilities, and authorities of Federal, State, and local agencies, government-sponsored entities, tribal governments, and appropriate stakeholders described in subsection (c). The plan shall also include—(A) the identification of, and a plan to address, gaps and unnecessary overlaps in the roles, responsibilities, and authorities described in this paragraph; (B) a methodology for how the Department will work with the entities described in subsection (c), and make use of existing Federal expertise within the Department, the Department of Transportation, and other appropriate agencies; (C) a process for facilitating security clearances for the purpose of intelligence and information sharing with the entities described in subsection (c), as appropriate; (D) a strategy and timeline, coordinated with the research and development program established under section 1168 of this title, for the Department, the Department of Transportation, other appropriate Federal agencies and private entities to research and develop new technologies for securing railroad systems; and (E) a process for coordinating existing or future security strategies and plans for railroad transportation, including the National Infrastructure Protection Plan required by Homeland Security Presidential Directive–7; Executive Order No. 13416: “Strengthening Surface Transportation Security” dated December 5, 2006; the Memorandum of Understanding between the Department and the Department of Transportation on Roles and Responsibilities dated September 28, 2004, and any and all subsequent annexes to this Memorandum of Understanding, and any other relevant agreements between the two Departments. (c) Consultation with stakeholdersIn developing the National Strategy required under this section, the Secretary shall consult with railroad management, nonprofit employee organizations representing railroad employees, owners or lessors of railroad cars used to transport hazardous materials, emergency responders, offerors of security-sensitive materials, public safety officials, and other relevant parties. (d) Adequacy of existing plans and strategiesIn developing the risk assessment and National Strategy required under this section, the Secretary shall utilize relevant existing plans, strategies, and risk assessments developed by the Department or other Federal agencies, including those developed or implemented pursuant to section 114(t) 1 of title 49 or Homeland Security Presidential Directive–7, and, as appropriate, assessments developed by other public and private stakeholders. (e) Report(1) ContentsNot later than 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing—(A) the assessment and the National Strategy required by this section; and (B) an estimate of the cost to implement the National Strategy. (2) FormatThe Secretary may submit the report in both classified and redacted formats if the Secretary determines that such action is appropriate or necessary. (f) Annual updatesConsistent with the requirements of section 114(t) 1 of title 49, the Secretary shall update the assessment and National Strategy each year and transmit a report, which may be submitted in both classified and redacted formats, to the appropriate congressional committees containing the updated assessment and recommendations. (g) FundingOut of funds appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 1 of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008.

6 U.S.C. § 1162 Railroad carrier assessments and plans

(a) In generalNot later than 12 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall issue regulations that—(1) require each railroad carrier assigned to a high-risk tier under this section to—(A) conduct a vulnerability assessment in accordance with subsections (c) and (d); and (B) to 11 So in original. The word “to” probably should not appear. prepare, submit to the Secretary for approval, and implement a security plan in accordance with this section that addresses security performance requirements; and (2) establish standards and guidelines, based on and consistent with the risk assessment and National Strategy for Railroad Transportation Security developed under section 1161 of this title, for developing and implementing the vulnerability assessments and security plans for railroad carriers assigned to high-risk tiers. (b) Non high-risk programsThe Secretary may establish a security program for railroad carriers not assigned to a high-risk tier, including—(1) guidance for such carriers in conducting vulnerability assessments and preparing and implementing security plans, as determined appropriate by the Secretary; and (2) a process to review and approve such assessments and plans, as appropriate. (c) Deadline for submissionNot later than 9 months after the date of issuance of the regulations under subsection (a), the vulnerability assessments and security plans required by such regulations for railroad carriers assigned to a high-risk tier shall be completed and submitted to the Secretary for review and approval. (d) Vulnerability assessments(1) RequirementsThe Secretary shall provide technical assistance and guidance to railroad carriers in conducting vulnerability assessments under this section and shall require that each vulnerability assessment of a railroad carrier assigned to a high-risk tier under this section, include, as applicable—(A) identification and evaluation of critical railroad carrier assets and infrastructure, including platforms, stations, intermodal terminals, tunnels, bridges, switching and storage areas, and information systems as appropriate; (B) identification of the vulnerabilities to those assets and infrastructure; (C) identification of strengths and weaknesses in—(i) physical security; (ii) passenger and cargo security, including the security of security-sensitive materials being transported by railroad or stored on railroad property; (iii) programmable electronic devices, computers, or other automated systems which are used in providing the transportation; (iv) alarms, cameras, and other protection systems; (v) communications systems and utilities needed for railroad security purposes, including dispatching and notification systems; (vi) emergency response planning; (vii) employee training; and (viii) such other matters as the Secretary determines appropriate; and (D) identification of redundant and backup systems required to ensure the continued operation of critical elements of a railroad carrier’s system in the event of an attack or other incident, including disruption of commercial electric power or communications network. (2) Threat informationThe Secretary shall provide in a timely manner to the appropriate employees of a railroad carrier, as designated by the railroad carrier, threat information that is relevant to the carrier when preparing and submitting a vulnerability assessment and security plan, including an assessment of the most likely methods that could be used by terrorists to exploit weaknesses in railroad security. (e) Security plans(1) RequirementsThe Secretary shall provide technical assistance and guidance to railroad carriers in preparing and implementing security plans under this section, and shall require that each security plan of a railroad carrier assigned to a high-risk tier under this section include, as applicable—(A) identification of a security coordinator having authority—(i) to implement security actions under the plan; (ii) to coordinate security improvements; and (iii) to receive immediate communications from appropriate Federal officials regarding railroad security; (B) a list of needed capital and operational improvements; (C) procedures to be implemented or used by the railroad carrier in response to a terrorist attack, including evacuation and passenger communication plans that include individuals with disabilities as appropriate; (D) identification of steps taken with State and local law enforcement agencies, emergency responders, and Federal officials to coordinate security measures and plans for response to a terrorist attack; (E) a strategy and timeline for conducting training under section 1167 of this title; (F) enhanced security measures to be taken by the railroad carrier when the Secretary declares a period of heightened security risk; (G) plans for providing redundant and backup systems required to ensure the continued operation of critical elements of the railroad carrier’s system in the event of a terrorist attack or other incident; (H) a strategy for implementing enhanced security for shipments of security-sensitive materials, including plans for quickly locating and securing such shipments in the event of a terrorist attack or security incident; and (I) such other actions or procedures as the Secretary determines are appropriate to address the security of railroad carriers. (2) Security coordinator requirementsThe Secretary shall require that the individual serving as the security coordinator identified in paragraph (1)(A) is a citizen of the United States. The Secretary may waive this requirement with respect to an individual if the Secretary determines that it is appropriate to do so based on a background check of the individual and a review of the consolidated terrorist watchlist. (3) Consistency with other plansThe Secretary shall ensure that the security plans developed by railroad carriers under this section are consistent with the risk assessment and National Strategy for Railroad Transportation Security developed under section 1161 of this title. (f) Deadline for review processNot later than 6 months after receiving the assessments and plans required under this section, the Secretary shall—(1) review each vulnerability assessment and security plan submitted to the Secretary in accordance with subsection (c); (2) require amendments to any security plan that does not meet the requirements of this section; and (3) approve any vulnerability assessment or security plan that meets the requirements of this section. (g) Interim security measuresThe Secretary may require railroad carriers, during the period before the deadline established under subsection (c), to submit a security plan under subsection (e) to implement any necessary interim security measures essential to providing adequate security of the railroad carrier’s system. An interim plan required under this subsection will be superseded by a plan required under subsection (e). (h) Tier assignmentUtilizing the risk assessment and National Strategy for Railroad Transportation Security required under section 1161 of this title, the Secretary shall assign each railroad carrier to a risk-based tier established by the Secretary:(1) Provision of informationThe Secretary may request, and a railroad carrier shall provide, information necessary for the Secretary to assign a railroad carrier to the appropriate tier under this subsection. (2) NotificationNot later than 60 days after the date a railroad carrier is assigned to a tier under this subsection, the Secretary shall notify the railroad carrier of the tier to which it is assigned and the reasons for such assignment. (3) High-risk tiersAt least one of the tiers established by the Secretary under this subsection shall be designated a tier for high-risk railroad carriers. (4) ReassignmentThe Secretary may reassign a railroad carrier to another tier, as appropriate, in response to changes in risk. The Secretary shall notify the railroad carrier not later than 60 days after such reassignment and provide the railroad carrier with the reasons for such reassignment. (i) Nondisclosure of information(1) Submission of information to CongressNothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing the withholding of any information from Congress. (2) Disclosure of independently furnished informationNothing in this section shall be construed as affecting any authority or obligation of a Federal agency to disclose any record or information that the Federal agency obtains from a railroad carrier under any other Federal law. (j) Existing procedures, protocols and standards(1) DeterminationIn response to a petition by a railroad carrier or at the discretion of the Secretary, the Secretary may determine that existing procedures, protocols, and standards meet all or part of the requirements of this section, including regulations issued under subsection (a), regarding vulnerability assessments and security plans. (2) ElectionUpon review and written determination by the Secretary that existing procedures, protocols, or standards of a railroad carrier satisfy the requirements of this section, the railroad carrier may elect to comply with those procedures, protocols, or standards instead of the requirements of this section. (3) Partial approvalIf the Secretary determines that the existing procedures, protocols, or standards of a railroad carrier satisfy only part of the requirements of this section, the Secretary may accept such submission, but shall require submission by the railroad carrier of any additional information relevant to the vulnerability assessment and security plan of the railroad carrier to ensure that the remaining requirements of this section are fulfilled. (4) NotificationIf the Secretary determines that particular existing procedures, protocols, or standards of a railroad carrier under this subsection do not satisfy the requirements of this section, the Secretary shall provide to the railroad carrier a written notification that includes an explanation of the determination. (5) ReviewNothing in this subsection shall relieve the Secretary of the obligation—(A) to review the vulnerability assessment and security plan submitted by a railroad carrier under this section; and (B) to approve or disapprove each submission on an individual basis. (k) Periodic evaluation by railroad carriers required(1) Submission of evaluationNot later than 3 years after the date on which a vulnerability assessment or security plan required to be submitted to the Secretary under subsection (c) is approved, and at least once every 5 years thereafter (or on such a schedule as the Secretary may establish by regulation), a railroad carrier who submitted a vulnerability assessment and security plan and who is still assigned to the high-risk tier must also submit to the Secretary an evaluation of the adequacy of the vulnerability assessment and security plan that includes a description of any material changes made to the vulnerability assessment or security plan. (2) Review of evaluationNot later than 180 days after the date on which an evaluation is submitted, the Secretary shall review the evaluation and notify the railroad carrier submitting the evaluation of the Secretary’s approval or disapproval of the evaluation. (l) Shared facilitiesThe Secretary may permit under this section the development and implementation of coordinated vulnerability assessments and security plans to the extent that a railroad carrier shares facilities with, or is colocated with, other transportation entities or providers that are required to develop vulnerability assessments and security plans under Federal law. (m) ConsultationIn carrying out this section, the Secretary shall consult with railroad carriers, nonprofit employee labor organizations representation railroad employees, and public safety and law enforcement officials.

6 U.S.C. § 1163 Railroad security assistance

(a) Security improvement grants(1) The Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and other appropriate agencies or officials, is authorized to make grants to railroad carriers, the Alaska Railroad, security-sensitive materials offerors who ship by railroad, owners of railroad cars used in the transportation of security-sensitive materials, State and local governments (for railroad passenger facilities and infrastructure not owned by Amtrak), and Amtrak for intercity passenger railroad and freight railroad security improvements described in subsection (b) as approved by the Secretary. (2) A railroad carrier is eligible for a grant under this section if the carrier has completed a vulnerability assessment and developed a security plan that the Secretary has approved in accordance with section 1162 of this title. (3) A recipient of a grant under this section may use grant funds only for permissible uses under subsection (b) to further a railroad security plan that meets the requirements of paragraph (2). (4) Notwithstanding the requirement for eligibility and uses of funds in paragraphs (2) and (3), a railroad carrier is eligible for a grant under this section if the applicant uses the funds solely for the development of assessments or security plans under section 1162 of this title. (5) Notwithstanding the requirements for eligibility and uses of funds in paragraphs (2) and (3), prior to the earlier of 1 year after the date of issuance of final regulations requiring vulnerability assessments and security plans under section 1162 of this title or 3 years after August 3, 2007, the Secretary may award grants under this section for rail security improvements listed under subsection (b) based upon railroad carrier vulnerability assessments and security plans that the Secretary determines are sufficient for the purposes of this section but have not been approved by the Secretary in accordance with section 1162 of this title. (b) Uses of fundsA recipient of a grant under this section shall use the grant funds for one or more of the following:(1) Security and redundancy for critical communications, computer, and train control systems essential for secure railroad operations, including communications interoperability where appropriate with relevant outside agencies and entities. (2) Accommodation of railroad cargo or passenger security inspection facilities, related infrastructure, and operations at or near United States international borders or other ports of entry. (3) The security of security-sensitive materials transportation by railroad. (4) Chemical, biological, radiological, or explosive detection, including canine patrols for such detection. (5) The security and preparedness of intercity passenger railroad stations, trains, and infrastructure, including security capital improvement projects that the Secretary determines enhance railroad station security. (6) Technologies to reduce the vulnerabilities of railroad cars, including structural modification of railroad cars transporting security-sensitive materials to improve their resistance to acts of terrorism. (7) The sharing of intelligence and information about security threats and preparedness, including connectivity to the National Terrorist Screening Center. (8) To obtain train tracking and communications equipment, including equipment that is interoperable with Federal, State, and local agencies and tribal governments. (9) To hire, train, and employ police, security, and preparedness officers, including canine units, assigned to full-time security or counterterrorism duties related to railroad transportation. (10) Overtime reimbursement, including reimbursement of State, local, and tribal governments for costs, for enhanced security personnel assigned to duties related to railroad security during periods of high or severe threat levels and National Special Security Events or other periods of heightened security as determined by the Secretary. (11) Perimeter protection systems, including access control, installation of improved lighting, fencing, and barricades at railroad facilities. (12) Tunnel protection systems. (13) Passenger evacuation and evacuation-related capital improvements. (14) Railroad security inspection technologies, including verified visual inspection technologies using hand-held readers. (15) Surveillance equipment. (16) Cargo or passenger screening equipment. (17) Emergency response equipment, including fire suppression and decontamination equipment, personal protective equipment, and defibrillators. (18) Operating and capital costs associated with security awareness, preparedness, and response training, including training under section 1167 of this title, and training developed by universities, institutions of higher education, and nonprofit employee labor organizations, for railroad employees, including frontline employees. (19) Live or simulated exercises, including exercises described in section 1166 of this title. (20) Public awareness campaigns for enhanced railroad security. (21) Development of assessments or security plans under section 1162 of this title. (22) Other security improvements—(A) identified, required, or recommended under sections 1161 and 1162 of this title, including infrastructure, facilities, and equipment upgrades; or (B) that the Secretary considers appropriate. (c) Department of Homeland Security responsibilitiesIn carrying out the responsibilities under subsection (a), the Secretary shall—(1) determine the requirements for recipients of grants; (2) establish priorities for uses of funds for grant recipients; (3) award the funds authorized by this section based on risk, as identified by the plans required under sections 1161 and 1162 of this title, or assessment or plan described in subsection (a)(5); (4) take into account whether stations or facilities are used by commuter railroad passengers as well as intercity railroad passengers in reviewing grant applications; (5) encourage non-Federal financial participation in projects funded by grants; and (6) not later than 5 business days after awarding a grant to Amtrak under this section, transfer grant funds to the Secretary of Transportation to be disbursed to Amtrak. (d) Multiyear awardsGrant funds awarded under this section may be awarded for projects that span multiple years. (e) Limitation on uses of fundsA grant made under this section may not be used to make any State or local government cost-sharing contribution under any other Federal law. (f) Annual reportsEach recipient of a grant under this section shall report annually to the Secretary on the use of grant funds. (g) Non-Federal match studyNot later than 240 days after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall provide a report to the appropriate congressional committees on the feasibility and appropriateness of requiring a non-Federal match for grants awarded to freight railroad carriers and other private entities under this section. (h) Subject to certain standardsA recipient of a grant under this section and sections 1164 and 1165 of this title shall be required to comply with the standards of section 24312 of title 49, as in effect on January 1, 2007, with respect to the project in the same manner as Amtrak is required to comply with such standards for construction work financed under an agreement made under section 24308(a) of that title. (i) Authorization of appropriations(1) In generalOut of funds appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section—(A) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $300,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (2) Period of availabilitySums appropriated to carry out this section shall remain available until expended.

6 U.S.C. § 1164 Systemwide Amtrak security upgrades

(a) In general(1) GrantsSubject to subsection (b), the Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, is authorized to make grants to Amtrak in accordance with the provisions of this section. (2) General purposesThe Secretary may make such grants for the purposes of—(A) protecting underwater and underground assets and systems; (B) protecting high-risk and high-consequence assets identified through systemwide risk assessments; (C) providing counterterrorism or security training; (D) providing both visible and unpredictable deterrence; and (E) conducting emergency preparedness drills and exercises. (3) Specific projectsThe Secretary shall make such grants—(A) to secure major tunnel access points and ensure tunnel integrity in New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and Washington, DC; (B) to secure Amtrak trains; (C) to secure Amtrak stations; (D) to obtain a watchlist identification system approved by the Secretary, or to connect to the National Terrorism Screening Center watchlist; (E) to obtain train tracking and interoperable communications systems that are coordinated with Federal, State, and local agencies and tribal governments to the maximum extent possible; (F) to hire, train, and employ police and security officers, including canine units, assigned to full-time security or counterterrorism duties related to railroad transportation; (G) for operating and capital costs associated with security awareness, preparedness, and response training, including training under section 1167 of this title, and training developed by universities, institutions of higher education, and nonprofit employee labor organizations, for railroad employees, including frontline employees; (H) for live or simulated exercises, including exercises described in section 1166 of this title; (I) for improvements to passenger verification systems; (J) for improvements to employee and contractor verification systems, including identity verification technology; or (K) for improvements to the security of Amtrak computer systems, including cybersecurity assessments and programs. (b) ConditionsThe Secretary shall award grants to Amtrak under this section for projects contained in a systemwide security plan approved by the Secretary developed pursuant to section 1162 of this title. Not later than 5 business days after awarding a grant to Amtrak under this section, the Secretary shall transfer the grant funds to the Secretary of Transportation to be disbursed to Amtrak. (c) Equitable geographic allocationThe Secretary shall ensure that, subject to meeting the highest security needs on Amtrak’s entire system and consistent with the risk assessment required under section 1161 of this title and Amtrak’s vulnerability assessment and security plan developed under section 1162 of this title, stations and facilities located outside of the Northeast Corridor receive an equitable share of the security funds authorized by this section. (d) Availability of funds(1) In generalOut of funds appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration to carry out this section—(A) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $150,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $175,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $175,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (2) Availability of appropriated fundsAmounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) shall remain available until expended.

6 U.S.C. § 1165 Fire and life safety improvements

(a) Life-safety needsThere are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Transportation for making grants to Amtrak for the purpose of carrying out projects to make fire and life safety improvements to Amtrak tunnels on the Northeast Corridor the following amounts:(1) For the 6 New York and New Jersey tunnels to provide ventilation, electrical, and fire safety technology improvements, emergency communication and lighting systems, and emergency access and egress for passengers—(A) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $30,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $60,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (2) For the Baltimore Potomac Tunnel and the Union Tunnel, together, to provide adequate drainage and ventilation, communication, lighting, standpipe, and passenger egress improvements—(A) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (3) For the Union Station tunnels in the District of Columbia to improve ventilation, communication, lighting, and passenger egress improvements—(A) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (b) Infrastructure upgradesOut of funds appropriated pursuant to section 1153 of this title, there shall be made available to the Secretary of Transportation for fiscal year 2008, $3,000,000 for the preliminary design of options for a new tunnel on a different alignment to augment the capacity of the existing Baltimore tunnels. (c) Availability of amountsAmounts appropriated pursuant to this section shall remain available until expended. (d) Plans requiredThe Secretary of Transportation may not make amounts available to Amtrak for obligation or expenditure under subsection (a)—(1) until Amtrak has submitted to the Secretary of Transportation, and the Secretary of Transportation has approved, an engineering and financial plan for such projects; and (2) unless, for each project funded pursuant to this section, the Secretary of Transportation has approved a project management plan prepared by Amtrak. (e) Review of plans(1) In generalThe Secretary of Transportation shall complete the review of a plan required under subsection (d) and approve or disapprove the plan within 45 days after the date on which each such plan is submitted by Amtrak. (2) Incomplete or deficient planIf the Secretary of Transportation determines that a plan is incomplete or deficient, the Secretary of Transportation shall notify Amtrak of the incomplete items or deficiencies and Amtrak shall, within 30 days after receiving the Secretary of Transportation’s notification, submit a modified plan for the Secretary of Transportation’s review. (3) Approval of planWithin 15 days after receiving additional information on items previously included in the plan, and within 45 days after receiving items newly included in a modified plan, the Secretary of Transportation shall either approve the modified plan, or if the Secretary of Transportation finds the plan is still incomplete or deficient, the Secretary of Transportation shall—(A) identify in writing to the appropriate congressional committees the portions of the plan the Secretary finds incomplete or deficient; (B) approve all other portions of the plan; (C) obligate the funds associated with those portions; and (D) execute an agreement with Amtrak within 15 days thereafter on a process for resolving the remaining portions of the plan. (f) Financial contribution from other tunnel usersThe Secretary of Transportation, taking into account the need for the timely completion of all portions of the tunnel projects described in subsection (a), shall—(1) consider the extent to which railroad carriers other than Amtrak use or plan to use the tunnels; (2) consider the feasibility of seeking a financial contribution from those other railroad carriers toward the costs of the projects; and (3) obtain financial contributions or commitments from such other railroad carriers at levels reflecting the extent of their use or planned use of the tunnels, if feasible.

6 U.S.C. § 1166 Railroad carrier exercises

(a) In generalThe Secretary shall establish a program for conducting security exercises for railroad carriers for the purpose of assessing and improving the capabilities of entities described in subsection (b) to prevent, prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and recover from acts of terrorism. (b) Covered entitiesEntities to be assessed under the program shall include—(1) Federal, State, and local agencies and tribal governments; (2) railroad carriers; (3) governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers, law enforcement agencies, and railroad and transit police, as appropriate; and (4) any other organization or entity that the Secretary determines appropriate. (c) RequirementsThe Secretary shall ensure that the program—(1) consolidates existing security exercises for railroad carriers administered by the Department and the Department of Transportation, as jointly determined by the Secretary and the Secretary of Transportation, unless the Secretary waives this consolidation requirement as appropriate; (2) consists of exercises that are—(A) scaled and tailored to the needs of the carrier, including addressing the needs of the elderly and individuals with disabilities; (B) live, in the case of the most at-risk facilities to a terrorist attack; (C) coordinated with appropriate officials; (D) as realistic as practicable and based on current risk assessments, including credible threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences; (E) inclusive, as appropriate, of railroad frontline employees; and (F) consistent with the National Incident Management System, the National Response Plan, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, the National Preparedness Guidance, the National Preparedness Goal, and other such national initiatives; (3) provides that exercises described in paragraph (2) will be—(A) evaluated by the Secretary against clear and consistent performance measures; (B) assessed by the Secretary to identify best practices, which shall be shared, as appropriate, with railroad carriers, nonprofit employee organizations that represent railroad carrier employees, Federal, State, local, and tribal officials, governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers, law enforcement personnel, including railroad carrier and transit police, and other stakeholders; and (C) used to develop recommendations, as appropriate, from the Secretary to railroad carriers on remedial action to be taken in response to lessons learned; (4) allows for proper advanced notification of communities and local governments in which exercises are held, as appropriate; and (5) assists State, local, and tribal governments and railroad carriers in designing, implementing, and evaluating additional exercises that conform to the requirements of paragraph (1) 11 So in original. Probably should be “(2)”.. (d) National Exercise ProgramThe Secretary shall ensure that the exercise program developed under subsection (c) is a component of the National Exercise Program established under section 748 of this title.

6 U.S.C. § 1167 Railroad security training program

(a) In generalNot later than 6 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall develop and issue regulations for a training program to prepare railroad frontline employees for potential security threats and conditions. The regulations shall take into consideration any current security training requirements or best practices. (b) ConsultationThe Secretary shall develop the regulations under subsection (a) in consultation with—(1) appropriate law enforcement, fire service, emergency response, security, and terrorism experts; (2) railroad carriers; (3) railroad shippers; and (4) nonprofit employee labor organizations representing railroad employees or emergency response personnel. (c) Program elementsThe regulations developed under subsection (a) shall require security training programs described in subsection (a) to include, at a minimum, elements to address the following, as applicable:(1) Determination of the seriousness of any occurrence or threat. (2) Crew and passenger communication and coordination. (3) Appropriate responses to defend or protect oneself. (4) Use of personal and other protective equipment. (5) Evacuation procedures for passengers and railroad employees, including individuals with disabilities and the elderly. (6) Psychology, behavior, and methods of terrorists, including observation and analysis. (7) Training related to psychological responses to terrorist incidents, including the ability to cope with hijacker behavior and passenger responses. (8) Live situational training exercises regarding various threat conditions, including tunnel evacuation procedures. (9) Recognition and reporting of dangerous substances, suspicious packages, and situations. (10) Understanding security incident procedures, including procedures for communicating with governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers and for on-scene interaction with such emergency response providers. (11) Operation and maintenance of security equipment and systems. (12) Other security training activities that the Secretary considers appropriate. (d) Required programs(1) Development and submission to SecretaryNot later than 90 days after the Secretary issues regulations under subsection (a), each railroad carrier shall develop a security training program in accordance with this section and submit the program to the Secretary for approval. (2) Approval or disapprovalNot later than 60 days after receiving a security training program proposal under this subsection, the Secretary shall approve the program or require the railroad carrier that developed the program to make any revisions to the program that the Secretary considers necessary for the program to meet the requirements of this section. A railroad carrier shall respond to the Secretary’s comments within 30 days after receiving them. (3) TrainingNot later than 1 year after the Secretary approves a security training program in accordance with this subsection, the railroad carrier that developed the program shall complete the training of all railroad frontline employees who were hired by a carrier more than 30 days preceding such date. For such employees employed less than 30 days by a carrier preceding such date, training shall be completed within the first 60 days of employment. (4) Updates of regulations and program revisionsThe Secretary shall periodically review and update as appropriate the training regulations issued under subsection (a) to reflect new or changing security threats. Each railroad carrier shall revise its training program accordingly and provide additional training as necessary to its frontline employees within a reasonable time after the regulations are updated. (e) National Training ProgramThe Secretary shall ensure that the training program developed under subsection (a) is a component of the National Training Program established under section 748 of this title. (f) Reporting requirementsNot later than 2 years after the date of regulation issuance, the Secretary shall review implementation of the training program of a representative sample of railroad carriers and railroad frontline employees, and report to the appropriate congressional committees on the number of reviews conducted and the results of such reviews. The Secretary may submit the report in both classified and redacted formats as necessary. (g) Other employeesThe Secretary shall issue guidance and best practices for a railroad shipper employee security program containing the elements listed under subsection (c).

6 U.S.C. § 1168 Railroad security research and development

(a) Establishment of research and development programThe Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, shall carry out a research and development program for the purpose of improving the security of railroad transportation systems. (b) Eligible projectsThe research and development program may include projects—(1) to reduce the vulnerability of passenger trains, stations, and equipment to explosives and hazardous chemical, biological, and radioactive substances, including the development of technology to screen passengers in large numbers at peak commuting times with minimal interference and disruption; (2) to test new emergency response and recovery techniques and technologies, including those used at international borders; (3) to develop improved railroad security technologies, including—(A) technologies for sealing or modifying railroad tank cars; (B) automatic inspection of railroad cars; (C) communication-based train control systems; (D) emergency response training, including training in a tunnel environment; (E) security and redundancy for critical communications, electrical power, computer, and train control systems; and (F) technologies for securing bridges and tunnels; (4) to test wayside detectors that can detect tampering; (5) to support enhanced security for the transportation of security-sensitive materials by railroad; (6) to mitigate damages in the event of a cyber attack; and (7) to address other vulnerabilities and risks identified by the Secretary. (c) Coordination with other research initiativesThe Secretary—(1) shall ensure that the research and development program is consistent with the National Strategy for Railroad Transportation Security developed under section 1161 of this title and any other transportation security research and development programs required by this Act; (2) shall, to the extent practicable, coordinate the research and development activities of the Department with other ongoing research and development security-related initiatives, including research being conducted by—(A) the Department of Transportation, including University Transportation Centers and other institutes, centers, and simulators funded by the Department of Transportation; (B) the National Academy of Sciences; (C) the Technical Support Working Group; (D) other Federal departments and agencies; and (E) other Federal and private research laboratories, research entities, and universities and institutions of higher education, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, or Indian Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities; (3) shall carry out any research and development project authorized by this section through a reimbursable agreement with an appropriate Federal agency, if the agency—(A) is currently sponsoring a research and development project in a similar area; or (B) has a unique facility or capability that would be useful in carrying out the project; (4) may award grants, or enter into cooperative agreements, contracts, other transactions, or reimbursable agreements to the entities described in paragraph (2) and the eligible grant recipients under section 1163 of this title; and (5) shall make reasonable efforts to enter into memoranda of understanding, contracts, grants, cooperative agreements, or other transactions with railroad carriers willing to contribute both physical space and other resources. (d) Privacy and civil rights and civil liberties issues(1) ConsultationIn carrying out research and development projects under this section, the Secretary shall consult with the Chief Privacy Officer of the Department and the Officer for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties of the Department as appropriate and in accordance with section 142 of this title. (2) Privacy impact assessmentsIn accordance with sections 142 and 345 of this title, the Chief Privacy Officer shall conduct privacy impact assessments and the Officer for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties shall conduct reviews, as appropriate, for research and development initiatives developed under this section that the Secretary determines could have an impact on privacy, civil rights, or civil liberties. (e) Authorization of appropriations(1) In generalOut of funds appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section—(A) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $33,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (2) Period of availabilitySuch sums shall remain available until expended.

6 U.S.C. § 1169 Railroad tank car security testing

(a) Railroad tank car vulnerability assessment(1) AssessmentThe Secretary shall assess the likely methods of a deliberate terrorist attack against a railroad tank car used to transport toxic-inhalation-hazard materials, and for each method assessed, the degree to which it may be successful in causing death, injury, or serious adverse effects to human health, the environment, critical infrastructure, national security, the national economy, or public welfare. (2) ThreatsIn carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consider the most current threat information as to likely methods of a successful terrorist attack on a railroad tank car transporting toxic-inhalation-hazard materials, and may consider the following:(A) Explosive devices placed along the tracks or attached to a railroad tank car. (B) The use of missiles, grenades, rockets, mortars, or other high-caliber weapons against a railroad tank car. (3) Physical testingIn developing the assessment required under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall conduct physical testing of the vulnerability of railroad tank cars used to transport toxic-inhalation-hazard materials to different methods of a deliberate attack, using technical information and criteria to evaluate the structural integrity of railroad tank cars. (4) ReportNot later than 30 days after the completion of the assessment under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall provide to the appropriate congressional committees a report, in the appropriate format, on such assessment. (b) Railroad tank car dispersion modeling(1) In generalThe Secretary, acting through the National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center, shall conduct an air dispersion modeling analysis of release scenarios of toxic-inhalation-hazard materials resulting from a terrorist attack on a loaded railroad tank car carrying such materials in urban and rural environments. (2) ConsiderationsThe analysis under this subsection shall take into account the following considerations:(A) The most likely means of attack and the resulting dispersal rate. (B) Different times of day, to account for differences in cloud coverage and other atmospheric conditions in the environment being modeled. (C) Differences in population size and density. (D) Historically accurate wind speeds, temperatures, and wind directions. (E) Differences in dispersal rates or other relevant factors related to whether a railroad tank car is in motion or stationary. (F) Emergency response procedures by local officials. (G) Any other considerations the Secretary believes would develop an accurate, plausible dispersion model for toxic-inhalation-hazard materials released from a railroad tank car as a result of a terrorist act. (3) ConsultationIn conducting the dispersion modeling under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall consult with the Secretary of Transportation, hazardous materials experts, railroad carriers, nonprofit employee labor organizations representing railroad employees, appropriate State, local, and tribal officials, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate. (4) Information sharingUpon completion of the analysis required under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall share the information developed with the appropriate stakeholders, given appropriate information protection provisions as may be required by the Secretary. (5) ReportNot later than 30 days after completion of all dispersion analyses under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing the Secretary’s conclusions and findings in an appropriate format.

6 U.S.C. § 1170 Security background checks of covered individuals

(a) DefinitionsIn this section, the following definitions apply:(1) Security background checkThe term “security background check” means reviewing, for the purpose of identifying individuals who may pose a threat to transportation security or national security, or of terrorism—(A) relevant criminal history databases; (B) in the case of an alien (as defined in the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(3)),11 So in original. Another closing parenthesis probably should precede the comma. the relevant databases to determine the status of the alien under the immigration laws of the United States; and (C) other relevant information or databases, as determined by the Secretary. (2) Covered individualThe term “covered individual” means an employee of a railroad carrier or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier. (b) Guidance(1) Any guidance, recommendations, suggested action items, or any other widely disseminated voluntary action items issued by the Secretary to a railroad carrier or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier relating to performing a security background check of a covered individual shall contain recommendations on the appropriate scope and application of such a security background check, including the time period covered, the types of disqualifying offenses, and a redress process for adversely impacted covered individuals consistent with subsections (c) and (d) of this section. (2) Within 60 days after August 3, 2007, any guidance, recommendations, suggested action items, or any other widely disseminated voluntary action item issued by the Secretary prior to August 3, 2007, to a railroad carrier or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier relating to performing a security background check of a covered individual shall be updated in compliance with paragraph (1). (3) If a railroad carrier or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier performs a security background check on a covered individual to fulfill guidance issued by the Secretary under paragraph (1) or (2), the Secretary shall not consider such guidance fulfilled unless an adequate redress process as described in subsection (d) is provided to covered individuals. (c) RequirementsIf the Secretary issues a rule, regulation, or directive requiring a railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier to perform a security background check of a covered individual, then the Secretary shall prohibit the railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier from making an adverse employment decision, including removal or suspension of the covered individual, due to such rule, regulation, or directive with respect to a covered individual unless the railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier determines that the covered individual—(1) has been convicted of, has been found not guilty by reason of insanity, or is under want, warrant, or indictment for a permanent disqualifying criminal offense listed in part 1572 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; (2) was convicted of or found not guilty by reason of insanity of an interim disqualifying criminal offense listed in part 1572 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, within 7 years of the date that the railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier performs the security background check; or (3) was incarcerated for an interim disqualifying criminal offense listed in part 1572 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, and released from incarceration within 5 years of the date that the railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier performs the security background check. (d) Redress processIf the Secretary issues a rule, regulation, or directive requiring a railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier to perform a security background check of a covered individual, the Secretary shall—(1) provide an adequate redress process for a covered individual subjected to an adverse employment decision, including removal or suspension of the employee, due to such rule, regulation, or directive that is consistent with the appeals and waiver process established for applicants for commercial motor vehicle hazardous materials endorsements and transportation employees at ports, as required by section 70105(c) of title 46; and (2) have the authority to order an appropriate remedy, including reinstatement of the covered individual, should the Secretary determine that a railroad carrier or contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier wrongfully made an adverse employment decision regarding a covered individual pursuant to such rule, regulation, or directive. (e) False statementsA railroad carrier or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier may not knowingly misrepresent to an employee or other relevant person, including an arbiter involved in a labor arbitration, the scope, application, or meaning of any rules, regulations, directives, or guidance issued by the Secretary related to security background check requirements for covered individuals when conducting a security background check. Not later than 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall issue a regulation that prohibits a railroad carrier or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier from knowingly misrepresenting to an employee or other relevant person, including an arbiter involved in a labor arbitration, the scope, application, or meaning of any rules, regulations, directives, or guidance issued by the Secretary related to security background check requirements for covered individuals when conducting a security background check. (f) Rights and responsibilitiesNothing in this section shall be construed to abridge a railroad carrier’s or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier’s rights or responsibilities to make adverse employment decisions permitted by other Federal, State, or local laws. Nothing in the section shall be construed to abridge rights and responsibilities of covered individuals, a railroad carrier, or a contractor or subcontractor of a railroad carrier, under any other Federal, State, or local laws or under any collective bargaining agreement. (g) No preemption of Federal or State lawNothing in this section shall be construed to preempt a Federal, State, or local law that requires criminal history background checks, immigration status checks, or other background checks, of covered individuals. (h) Statutory constructionNothing in this section shall be construed to affect the process for review established under section 70105(c) of title 46, including regulations issued pursuant to such section.

6 U.S.C. § 1171 International railroad security program

(a) In general(1) The Secretary shall develop a system to detect both undeclared passengers and contraband, with a primary focus on the detection of nuclear and radiological materials entering the United States by railroad. (2) System requirements.—In developing the system under paragraph (1), the Secretary may, in consultation with the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office,11 See Change of Name note below. Customs and Border Protection, and the Transportation Security Administration—(A) deploy radiation detection equipment and nonintrusive imaging equipment at locations where railroad shipments cross an international border to enter the United States; (B) consider the integration of radiation detection technologies with other nonintrusive inspection technologies where feasible; (C) ensure appropriate training, operations, and response protocols are established for Federal, State, and local personnel; (D) implement alternative procedures to check railroad shipments at locations where the deployment of nonintrusive inspection imaging equipment is determined to not be practicable; (E) ensure, to the extent practicable, that such technologies deployed can detect terrorists or weapons, including weapons of mass destruction; and (F) take other actions, as appropriate, to develop the system. (b) Additional informationThe Secretary shall—(1) identify and seek the submission of additional data elements for improved high-risk targeting related to the movement of cargo through the international supply chain utilizing a railroad prior to importation into the United States; (2) utilize data collected and maintained by the Secretary of Transportation in the targeting of high-risk cargo identified under paragraph (1); and (3) analyze the data provided in this subsection to identify high-risk cargo for inspection. (c) Report to CongressNot later than September 30, 2008, the Secretary shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that describes the progress of the system being developed under subsection (a). (d) DefinitionsIn this section:(1) International supply chainThe term “international supply chain” means the end-to-end process for shipping goods to or from the United States, beginning at the point of origin (including manufacturer, supplier, or vendor) through a point of distribution to the destination. (2) Radiation detection equipmentThe term “radiation detection equipment” means any technology that is capable of detecting or identifying nuclear and radiological material or nuclear and radiological explosive devices. (3) InspectionThe term “inspection” means the comprehensive process used by Customs and Border Protection to assess goods entering the United States to appraise them for duty purposes, to detect the presence of restricted or prohibited items, and to ensure compliance with all applicable laws.

6 U.S.C. § 1172 Railroad security enhancements; Model State legislation

Not later than November 2, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation shall develop and make available to States model legislation to address the problem of entities that claim to be railroad carriers in order to establish and run a police force when the entities do not in fact provide railroad transportation. In developing the model State legislation the Secretary shall solicit the input of the States, railroads carriers, and railroad carrier employees. The Secretary shall review and, if necessary, revise such model State legislation periodically.

6 U.S.C. § 1181 Over-the-road bus security assessments and plans

(a) In generalNot later than 18 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall issue regulations that—(1) require each over-the-road bus operator assigned to a high-risk tier under this section—(A) to conduct a vulnerability assessment in accordance with subsections (c) and (d); and (B) to prepare, submit to the Secretary for approval, and implement a security plan in accordance with subsection (e); and (2) establish standards and guidelines for developing and implementing the vulnerability assessments and security plans for carriers assigned to high-risk tiers consistent with this section. (b) Non high-risk programsThe Secretary may establish a security program for over-the-road bus operators not assigned to a high-risk tier, including—(1) guidance for such operators in conducting vulnerability assessments and preparing and implementing security plans, as determined appropriate by the Secretary; and (2) a process to review and approve such assessments and plans, as appropriate. (c) Deadline for submissionNot later than 9 months after the date of issuance of the regulations under subsection (a), the vulnerability assessments and security plans required by such regulations for over-the-road bus operators assigned to a high-risk tier shall be completed and submitted to the Secretary for review and approval. (d) Vulnerability assessments(1) RequirementsThe Secretary shall provide technical assistance and guidance to over-the-road bus operators in conducting vulnerability assessments under this section and shall require that each vulnerability assessment of an operator assigned to a high-risk tier under this section includes, as appropriate—(A) identification and evaluation of critical assets and infrastructure, including platforms, stations, terminals, and information systems; (B) identification of the vulnerabilities to those assets and infrastructure; and (C) identification of weaknesses in—(i) physical security; (ii) passenger and cargo security; (iii) the security of programmable electronic devices, computers, or other automated systems which are used in providing over-the-road bus transportation; (iv) alarms, cameras, and other protection systems; (v) communications systems and utilities needed for over-the-road bus security purposes, including dispatching systems; (vi) emergency response planning; (vii) employee training; and (viii) such other matters as the Secretary determines appropriate. (2) Threat informationThe Secretary shall provide in a timely manner to the appropriate employees of an over-the-road bus operator, as designated by the over-the-road bus operator, threat information that is relevant to the operator when preparing and submitting a vulnerability assessment and security plan, including an assessment of the most likely methods that could be used by terrorists to exploit weaknesses in over-the-road bus security. (e) Security plans(1) RequirementsThe Secretary shall provide technical assistance and guidance to over-the-road bus operators in preparing and implementing security plans under this section and shall require that each security plan of an over-the-road bus operator assigned to a high-risk tier under this section includes, as appropriate—(A) the identification of a security coordinator having authority—(i) to implement security actions under the plan; (ii) to coordinate security improvements; and (iii) to receive communications from appropriate Federal officials regarding over-the-road bus security; (B) a list of needed capital and operational improvements; (C) procedures to be implemented or used by the over-the-road bus operator in response to a terrorist attack, including evacuation and passenger communication plans that include individuals with disabilities, as appropriate; (D) the identification of steps taken with State and local law enforcement agencies, emergency responders, and Federal officials to coordinate security measures and plans for response to a terrorist attack; (E) a strategy and timeline for conducting training under section 1184 of this title; (F) enhanced security measures to be taken by the over-the-road bus operator when the Secretary declares a period of heightened security risk; (G) plans for providing redundant and backup systems required to ensure the continued operation of critical elements of the over-the-road bus operator’s system in the event of a terrorist attack or other incident; and (H) such other actions or procedures as the Secretary determines are appropriate to address the security of over-the-road bus operators. (2) Security coordinator requirementsThe Secretary shall require that the individual serving as the security coordinator identified in paragraph (1)(A) is a citizen of the United States. The Secretary may waive this requirement with respect to an individual if the Secretary determines that it is appropriate to do so based on a background check of the individual and a review of the consolidated terrorist watchlist. (f) Deadline for review processNot later than 6 months after receiving the assessments and plans required under this section, the Secretary shall—(1) review each vulnerability assessment and security plan submitted to the Secretary in accordance with subsection (c); (2) require amendments to any security plan that does not meet the requirements of this section; and (3) approve any vulnerability assessment or security plan that meets the requirements of this section. (g) Interim security measuresThe Secretary may require over-the-road bus operators, during the period before the deadline established under subsection (c), to submit a security plan to implement any necessary interim security measures essential to providing adequate security of the over-the-road bus operator’s system. An interim plan required under this subsection shall be superseded by a plan required under subsection (c). (h) Tier assignmentThe Secretary shall assign each over-the-road bus operator to a risk-based tier established by the Secretary:(1) Provision of informationThe Secretary may request, and an over-the-road bus operator shall provide, information necessary for the Secretary to assign an over-the-road bus operator to the appropriate tier under this subsection. (2) NotificationNot later than 60 days after the date an over-the-road bus operator is assigned to a tier under this section, the Secretary shall notify the operator of the tier to which it is assigned and the reasons for such assignment. (3) High-risk tiersAt least one of the tiers established by the Secretary under this section shall be a tier designated for high-risk over-the-road bus operators. (4) ReassignmentThe Secretary may reassign an over-the-road bus operator to another tier, as appropriate, in response to changes in risk and the Secretary shall notify the over-the-road bus operator within 60 days after such reassignment and provide the operator with the reasons for such reassignment. (i) Existing procedures, protocols, and standards(1) DeterminationIn response to a petition by an over-the-road bus operator or at the discretion of the Secretary, the Secretary may determine that existing procedures, protocols, and standards meet all or part of the requirements of this section regarding vulnerability assessments and security plans. (2) ElectionUpon review and written determination by the Secretary that existing procedures, protocols, or standards of an over-the-road bus operator satisfy the requirements of this section, the over-the-road bus operator may elect to comply with those procedures, protocols, or standards instead of the requirements of this section. (3) Partial approvalIf the Secretary determines that the existing procedures, protocols, or standards of an over-the-road bus operator satisfy only part of the requirements of this section, the Secretary may accept such submission, but shall require submission by the operator of any additional information relevant to the vulnerability assessment and security plan of the operator to ensure that the remaining requirements of this section are fulfilled. (4) NotificationIf the Secretary determines that particular existing procedures, protocols, or standards of an over-the-road bus operator under this subsection do not satisfy the requirements of this section, the Secretary shall provide to the operator a written notification that includes an explanation of the reasons for nonacceptance. (5) ReviewNothing in this subsection shall relieve the Secretary of the obligation—(A) to review the vulnerability assessment and security plan submitted by an over-the-road bus operator under this section; and (B) to approve or disapprove each submission on an individual basis. (j) Periodic evaluation by over-the-road bus provider required(1) Submission of evaluationNot later than 3 years after the date on which a vulnerability assessment or security plan required to be submitted to the Secretary under subsection (c) is approved, and at least once every 5 years thereafter (or on such a schedule as the Secretary may establish by regulation), an over-the-road bus operator who submitted a vulnerability assessment and security plan and who is still assigned to the high-risk tier shall also submit to the Secretary an evaluation of the adequacy of the vulnerability assessment and security plan that includes a description of any material changes made to the vulnerability assessment or security plan. (2) Review of evaluationNot later than 180 days after the date on which an evaluation is submitted, the Secretary shall review the evaluation and notify the over-the-road bus operator submitting the evaluation of the Secretary’s approval or disapproval of the evaluation. (k) Shared facilitiesThe Secretary may permit under this section the development and implementation of coordinated vulnerability assessments and security plans to the extent that an over-the-road bus operator shares facilities with, or is colocated with, other transportation entities or providers that are required to develop vulnerability assessments and security plans under Federal law. (l) Nondisclosure of information(1) Submission of information to CongressNothing in this section shall be construed as authorizing the withholding of any information from Congress. (2) Disclosure of independently furnished informationNothing in this section shall be construed as affecting any authority or obligation of a Federal agency to disclose any record or information that the Federal agency obtains from an over-the-road bus operator under any other Federal law.

6 U.S.C. § 1182 Over-the-road bus security assistance

(a) In generalThe Secretary shall establish a program for making grants to eligible private operators providing transportation by an over-the-road bus for security improvements described in subsection (b). (b) Uses of fundsA recipient of a grant received under subsection (a) shall use the grant funds for one or more of the following:(1) Constructing and modifying terminals, garages, and facilities, including terminals and other over-the-road bus facilities owned by State or local governments, to increase their security. (2) Modifying over-the-road buses to increase their security. (3) Protecting or isolating the driver of an over-the-road bus. (4) Acquiring, upgrading, installing, or operating equipment, software, or accessorial services for collection, storage, or exchange of passenger and driver information through ticketing systems or other means and for information links with government agencies, for security purposes. (5) Installing cameras and video surveillance equipment on over-the-road buses and at terminals, garages, and over-the-road bus facilities. (6) Establishing and improving an emergency communications system linking drivers and over-the-road buses to the recipient’s operations center or linking the operations center to law enforcement and emergency personnel. (7) Implementing and operating passenger screening programs for weapons and explosives. (8) Public awareness campaigns for enhanced over-the-road bus security. (9) Operating and capital costs associated with over-the-road bus security awareness, preparedness, and response training, including training under section 1184 of this title and training developed by institutions of higher education and by nonprofit employee labor organizations, for over-the-road bus employees, including frontline employees. (10) Chemical, biological, radiological, or explosive detection, including canine patrols for such detection. (11) Overtime reimbursement, including reimbursement of State, local, and tribal governments for costs, for enhanced security personnel assigned to duties related to over-the-road bus security during periods of high or severe threat levels, National Special Security Events, or other periods of heightened security as determined by the Secretary. (12) Live or simulated exercises, including those described in section 1183 of this title. (13) Operational costs to hire, train, and employ police and security officers, including canine units, assigned to full-time security or counterterrorism duties related to over-the-road bus transportation, including reimbursement of State, local, and tribal government costs for such personnel. (14) Development of assessments or security plans under section 1181 of this title. (15) Such other improvements as the Secretary considers appropriate. (c) Due considerationIn making grants under this section, the Secretary shall prioritize grant funding based on security risks to bus passengers and the ability of a project to reduce, or enhance response to, that risk, and shall not penalize private operators of over-the-road buses that have taken measures to enhance over-the-road bus transportation security prior to September 11, 2001. (d) Department of Homeland Security responsibilitiesIn carrying out the responsibilities under subsection (a), the Secretary shall—(1) determine the requirements for recipients of grants under this section, including application requirements; (2) select grant recipients; (3) award the funds authorized by this section based on risk, as identified by the plans required under section 1181 of this title or assessment or plan described in subsection (f)(2); and (4) pursuant to subsection (c), establish priorities for the use of funds for grant recipients. (e) Distribution of grantsNot later than 90 days after August 3, 2007, the Secretary and the Secretary of Transportation shall determine the most effective and efficient way to distribute grant funds to the recipients of grants determined by the Secretary under subsection (a). Subject to the determination made by the Secretaries, the Secretary may transfer funds to the Secretary of Transportation for the purposes of disbursing funds to the grant recipient. (f) Eligibility(1) A private operator providing transportation by an over-the-road bus is eligible for a grant under this section if the operator has completed a vulnerability assessment and developed a security plan that the Secretary has approved under section 1181 of this title. Grant funds may only be used for permissible uses under subsection (b) to further an over-the-road bus security plan. (2) Notwithstanding the requirements for eligibility and uses in paragraph (1), prior to the earlier of 1 year after the date of issuance of final regulations requiring vulnerability assessments and security plans under section 1181 of this title or 3 years after August 3, 2007, the Secretary may award grants under this section for over-the-road bus security improvements listed under subsection (b) based upon over-the-road bus vulnerability assessments and security plans that the Secretary deems are sufficient for the purposes of this section but have not been approved by the Secretary in accordance with section 1181 of this title. (g) Subject to certain terms and conditionsExcept as otherwise specifically provided in this section, a grant made under this section shall be subject to the terms and conditions applicable to subrecipients who provide over-the-road bus transportation under section 5311(f) of title 49 and such other terms and conditions as are determined necessary by the Secretary. (h) Limitation on uses of fundsA grant made under this section may not be used to make any State or local government cost-sharing contribution under any other Federal law. (i) Annual reportsEach recipient of a grant under this section shall report annually to the Secretary and on the use of such grant funds. (j) ConsultationIn carrying out this section, the Secretary shall consult with over-the-road bus operators and nonprofit employee labor organizations representing over-the-road bus employees, public safety and law enforcement officials. (k) Authorization(1) In generalFrom the amounts appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to make grants under this section—(A) $12,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (2) Period of availabilitySums appropriated to carry out this section shall remain available until expended.

6 U.S.C. § 1183 Over-the-road bus exercises

(a) In generalThe Secretary shall establish a program for conducting security exercises for over-the-road bus transportation for the purpose of assessing and improving the capabilities of entities described in subsection (b) to prevent, prepare for, mitigate, respond to, and recover from acts of terrorism. (b) Covered entitiesEntities to be assessed under the program shall include—(1) Federal, State, and local agencies and tribal governments; (2) over-the-road bus operators and over-the-road bus terminal owners and operators; (3) governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers and law enforcement agencies; and (4) any other organization or entity that the Secretary determines appropriate. (c) RequirementsThe Secretary shall ensure that the program—(1) consolidates existing security exercises for over-the-road bus operators and terminals administered by the Department and the Department of Transportation, as jointly determined by the Secretary and the Secretary of Transportation, unless the Secretary waives this consolidation requirement, as appropriate; (2) consists of exercises that are—(A) scaled and tailored to the needs of the over-the-road bus operators and terminals, including addressing the needs of the elderly and individuals with disabilities; (B) live, in the case of the most at-risk facilities to a terrorist attack; (C) coordinated with appropriate officials; (D) as realistic as practicable and based on current risk assessments, including credible threats, vulnerabilities, and consequences; (E) inclusive, as appropriate, of over-the-road bus frontline employees; and (F) consistent with the National Incident Management System, the National Response Plan, the National Infrastructure Protection Plan, the National Preparedness Guidance, the National Preparedness Goal, and other such national initiatives; (3) provides that exercises described in paragraph (2) will be—(A) evaluated by the Secretary against clear and consistent performance measures; (B) assessed by the Secretary to identify best practices, which shall be shared, as appropriate, with operators providing over-the-road bus transportation, nonprofit employee organizations that represent over-the-road bus employees, Federal, State, local, and tribal officials, governmental and nongovernmental emergency response providers, and law enforcement personnel; and (C) used to develop recommendations, as appropriate, provided to over-the-road bus operators and terminal owners and operators on remedial action to be taken in response to lessons learned; (4) allows for proper advanced notification of communities and local governments in which exercises are held, as appropriate; and (5) assists State, local, and tribal governments and over-the-road bus operators and terminal owners and operators in designing, implementing, and evaluating additional exercises that conform to the requirements of paragraph (2). (d) National Exercise ProgramThe Secretary shall ensure that the exercise program developed under subsection (c) is consistent with the National Exercise Program established under section 748 of this title.

6 U.S.C. § 1184 Over-the-road bus security training program

(a) In generalNot later than 6 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall develop and issue regulations for an over-the-road bus training program to prepare over-the-road bus frontline employees for potential security threats and conditions. The regulations shall take into consideration any current security training requirements or best practices. (b) ConsultationThe Secretary shall develop regulations under subsection (a) in consultation with—(1) appropriate law enforcement, fire service, emergency response, security, and terrorism experts; (2) operators providing over-the-road bus transportation; and (3) nonprofit employee labor organizations representing over-the-road bus employees and emergency response personnel. (c) Program elementsThe regulations developed under subsection (a) shall require security training programs, to include, at a minimum, elements to address the following, as applicable:(1) Determination of the seriousness of any occurrence or threat. (2) Driver and passenger communication and coordination. (3) Appropriate responses to defend or protect oneself. (4) Use of personal and other protective equipment. (5) Evacuation procedures for passengers and over-the-road bus employees, including individuals with disabilities and the elderly. (6) Psychology, behavior, and methods of terrorists, including observation and analysis. (7) Training related to psychological responses to terrorist incidents, including the ability to cope with hijacker behavior and passenger responses. (8) Live situational training exercises regarding various threat conditions, including tunnel evacuation procedures. (9) Recognition and reporting of dangerous substances, suspicious packages, and situations. (10) Understanding security incident procedures, including procedures for communicating with emergency response providers and for on-scene interaction with such emergency response providers. (11) Operation and maintenance of security equipment and systems. (12) Other security training activities that the Secretary considers appropriate. (d) Required programs(1) Development and submission to SecretaryNot later than 90 days after the Secretary issues the regulations under subsection (a), each over-the-road bus operator shall develop a security training program in accordance with such regulations and submit the program to the Secretary for approval. (2) ApprovalNot later than 60 days after receiving a security training program under this subsection, the Secretary shall approve the program or require the over-the-road bus operator that developed the program to make any revisions to the program that the Secretary considers necessary for the program to meet the requirements of the regulations. An over-the-road bus operator shall respond to the Secretary’s comments not later than 30 days after receiving them. (3) TrainingNot later than 1 year after the Secretary approves a security training program in accordance with this subsection, the over-the-road bus operator that developed the program shall complete the training of all over-the-road bus frontline employees who were hired by the operator more than 30 days preceding such date. For such employees employed less than 30 days by an operator preceding such date, training shall be completed within the first 60 days of employment. (4) Updates of regulations and program revisionsThe Secretary shall periodically review and update, as appropriate, the training regulations issued under subsection (a) to reflect new or changing security threats. Each over-the-road bus operator shall revise its training program accordingly and provide additional training as necessary to its employees within a reasonable time after the regulations are updated. (e) National Training ProgramThe Secretary shall ensure that the training program developed under subsection (a) is a component of the National Training Program established under section 748 of this title. (f) Reporting requirementsNot later than 2 years after the date of regulation issuance, the Secretary shall review implementation of the training program of a representative sample of over-the-road bus operators and over-the-road bus frontline employees, and report to the appropriate congressional committees of such reviews. The Secretary may submit the report in both classified and redacted formats as necessary.

6 U.S.C. § 1185 Over-the-road bus security research and development

(a) Establishment of research and development programThe Secretary, acting through the Under Secretary for Science and Technology and the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, shall carry out a research and development program for the purpose of improving the security of over-the-road buses. (b) Eligible projectsThe research and development program may include projects—(1) to reduce the vulnerability of over-the-road buses, stations, terminals, and equipment to explosives and hazardous chemical, biological, and radioactive substances, including the development of technology to screen passengers in large numbers with minimal interference and disruption; (2) to test new emergency response and recovery techniques and technologies, including those used at international borders; (3) to develop improved technologies, including those for—(A) emergency response training, including training in a tunnel environment, if appropriate; and (B) security and redundancy for critical communications, electrical power, computer, and over-the-road bus control systems; and (4) to address other vulnerabilities and risks identified by the Secretary. (c) Coordination with other research initiativesThe Secretary—(1) shall ensure that the research and development program is consistent with the other transportation security research and development programs required by this Act; (2) shall, to the extent practicable, coordinate the research and development activities of the Department with other ongoing research and development security-related initiatives, including research being conducted by—(A) the Department of Transportation, including University Transportation Centers and other institutes, centers, and simulators funded by the Department of Transportation; (B) the National Academy of Sciences; (C) the Technical Support Working Group; (D) other Federal departments and agencies; and (E) other Federal and private research laboratories, research entities, and institutions of higher education, including Historically Black Colleges and Universities, Hispanic Serving Institutions, and Indian Tribally Controlled Colleges and Universities; (3) shall carry out any research and development project authorized by this section through a reimbursable agreement with an appropriate Federal agency, if the agency—(A) is currently sponsoring a research and development project in a similar area; or (B) has a unique facility or capability that would be useful in carrying out the project; (4) may award grants and enter into cooperative agreements, contracts, other transactions, or reimbursable agreements to the entities described in paragraph (2) and eligible recipients under section 1182 of this title; and (5) shall make reasonable efforts to enter into memoranda of understanding, contracts, grants, cooperative agreements, or other transactions with private operators providing over-the-road bus transportation willing to contribute assets, physical space, and other resources. (d) Privacy and civil rights and civil liberties issues(1) ConsultationIn carrying out research and development projects under this section, the Secretary shall consult with the Chief Privacy Officer of the Department and the Officer for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties of the Department as appropriate and in accordance with section 142 of this title. (2) Privacy impact assessmentsIn accordance with sections 142 and 345 of this title, the Chief Privacy Officer shall conduct privacy impact assessments and the Officer for Civil Rights and Civil Liberties shall conduct reviews, as appropriate, for research and development initiatives developed under this section that the Secretary determines could have an impact on privacy, civil rights, or civil liberties. (e) Authorization of appropriations(1) In generalFrom the amounts appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section—(A) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (B) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; (C) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and (D) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2011. (2) Period of availabilitySuch sums shall remain available until expended.

6 U.S.C. § 1186 Memorandum of Understanding annex

Not later than 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation and the Secretary shall execute and develop an annex to the Memorandum of Understanding between the two departments signed on September 28, 2004, governing the specific roles, delineations of responsibilities, resources, and commitments of the Department of Transportation and the Department of Homeland Security, respectively, in addressing motor carrier transportation security matters, including over-the-road bus security matters, and shall cover the processes the Departments will follow to promote communications, efficiency, and nonduplication of effort.

6 U.S.C. § 1201 Railroad routing of security-sensitive materials

(a) In generalNot later than 9 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary, shall publish a final rule based on the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration’s Notice of Proposed Rulemaking published on December 21, 2006, entitled “Hazardous Materials: Enhancing Railroad Transportation Safety and Security for Hazardous Materials Shipments”. The final rule shall incorporate the requirements of this section and, as appropriate, public comments received during the comment period of the rulemaking. (b) Security-sensitive materials commodity dataThe Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that the final rule requires each railroad carrier transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce to, no later than 90 days after the end of each calendar year, compile security-sensitive materials commodity data. Such data must be collected by route, line segment, or series of line segments, as aggregated by the railroad carrier. Within the railroad carrier selected route, the commodity data must identify the geographic location of the route and the total number of shipments by the United Nations identification number for the security-sensitive materials. (c) Railroad transportation route analysis for security-sensitive materialsThe Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that the final rule requires each railroad carrier transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce to, for each calendar year, provide a written analysis of the safety and security risks for the transportation routes identified in the security-sensitive materials commodity data collected as required by subsection (b). The safety and security risks present shall be analyzed for the route, railroad facilities, railroad storage facilities, and high-consequence targets along or in proximity to the route. (d) Alternative route analysis for security-sensitive materialsThe Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that the final rule requires each railroad carrier transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce to—(1) for each calendar year—(A) identify practicable alternative routes over which the railroad carrier has authority to operate as compared to the current route for such a shipment analyzed under subsection (c); and (B) perform a safety and security risk assessment of the alternative route for comparison to the route analysis specified in subsection (c); (2) ensure that the analysis under paragraph (1) includes—(A) identification of safety and security risks for an alternative route; (B) comparison of those risks identified under subparagraph (A) to the primary railroad transportation route, including the risk of a catastrophic release from a shipment traveling along the alternate route compared to the primary route; (C) any remediation or mitigation measures implemented on the primary or alternative route; and (D) potential economic effects of using an alternative route; and (3) consider when determining the practicable alternative routes under paragraph (1)(A) the use of interchange agreements with other railroad carriers. (e) Alternative route selection for security-sensitive materialsThe Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that the final rule requires each railroad carrier transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce to use the analysis required by subsections (c) and (d) to select the safest and most secure route to be used in transporting security-sensitive materials. (f) ReviewThe Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that the final rule requires each railroad carrier transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce to annually review and select the practicable route posing the least overall safety and security risk in accordance with this section. The railroad carrier must retain in writing all route review and selection decision documentation and restrict the distribution, disclosure, and availability of information contained in the route analysis to appropriate persons. This documentation should include, but is not limited to, comparative analyses, charts, graphics, or railroad system maps. (g) Retrospective analysisThe Secretary of Transportation shall ensure that the final rule requires each railroad carrier transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce to, not less than once every 3 years, analyze the route selection determinations required under this section. Such an analysis shall include a comprehensive, systemwide review of all operational changes, infrastructure modifications, traffic adjustments, changes in the nature of high-consequence targets located along or in proximity to the route, or other changes affecting the safety and security of the movements of security-sensitive materials that were implemented since the previous analysis was completed. (h) ConsultationIn carrying out subsection (c), railroad carriers transporting security-sensitive materials in commerce shall seek relevant information from State, local, and tribal officials, as appropriate, regarding security risks to high-consequence targets along or in proximity to a route used by a railroad carrier to transport security-sensitive materials. (i) DefinitionsIn this section:(1) The term “route” includes storage facilities and trackage used by railroad cars in transportation in commerce. (2) The term “high-consequence target” means a property, natural resource, location, area, or other target designated by the Secretary that is a viable terrorist target of national significance, which may include a facility or specific critical infrastructure, the attack of which by railroad could result in—(A) catastrophic loss of life; (B) significant damage to national security or defense capabilities; or (C) national economic harm.

6 U.S.C. § 1202 Railroad security-sensitive material tracking

(a) Communications(1) In generalIn conjunction with the research and development program established under section 1168 of this title and consistent with the results of research relating to wireless and other tracking technologies, the Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration, shall develop a program that will encourage the equipping of railroad cars transporting security-sensitive materials, as defined in section 1151 of this title, with technology that provides—(A) car position location and tracking capabilities; and (B) notification of railroad car depressurization, breach, unsafe temperature, or release of hazardous materials, as appropriate. (2) CoordinationIn developing the program required by paragraph (1), the Secretary shall—(A) consult with the Secretary of Transportation to coordinate the program with any ongoing or planned efforts for railroad car tracking at the Department of Transportation; and (B) ensure that the program is consistent with recommendations and findings of the Department of Homeland Security’s hazardous material railroad tank car tracking pilot programs. (b) FundingFrom the amounts appropriated pursuant to 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by “section”. 114(w) 22 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section—(1) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (2) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and (3) $3,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.

6 U.S.C. § 1203 Hazardous materials highway routing

(a) Route plan guidanceNot later than 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary, shall—(1) document existing and proposed routes for the transportation of radioactive and nonradioactive hazardous materials by motor carrier, and develop a framework for using a geographic information system-based approach to characterize routes in the national hazardous materials route registry; (2) assess and characterize existing and proposed routes for the transportation of radioactive and nonradioactive hazardous materials by motor carrier for the purpose of identifying measurable criteria for selecting routes based on safety and security concerns; (3) analyze current route-related hazardous materials regulations in the United States, Canada, and Mexico to identify cross-border differences and conflicting regulations; (4) document the safety and security concerns of the public, motor carriers, and State, local, territorial, and tribal governments about the highway routing of hazardous materials; (5) prepare guidance materials for State officials to assist them in identifying and reducing both safety concerns and security risks when designating highway routes for hazardous materials consistent with the 13 safety-based nonradioactive materials routing criteria and radioactive materials routing criteria in subpart C part 397 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations; (6) develop a tool that will enable State officials to examine potential routes for the highway transportation of hazardous materials, assess specific security risks associated with each route, and explore alternative mitigation measures; and (7) transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the actions taken to fulfill paragraphs (1) through (6) and any recommended changes to the routing requirements for the highway transportation of hazardous materials in part 397 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. (b) Route plans(1) AssessmentNot later than 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation shall complete an assessment of the safety and national security benefits achieved under existing requirements for route plans, in written or electronic format, for explosives and radioactive materials. The assessment shall, at a minimum—(A) compare the percentage of Department of Transportation recordable incidents and the severity of such incidents for shipments of explosives and radioactive materials for which such route plans are required with the percentage of recordable incidents and the severity of such incidents for shipments of explosives and radioactive materials not subject to such route plans; and (B) quantify the security and safety benefits, feasibility, and costs of requiring each motor carrier that is required to have a hazardous material safety permit under part 385 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to maintain, follow, and carry such a route plan that meets the requirements of section 397.101 of that title when transporting the type and quantity of hazardous materials described in section 385.403, taking into account the various segments of the motor carrier industry, including tank truck, truckload and less than truckload carriers. (2) ReportNot later than 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees containing the findings and conclusions of the assessment. (c) RequirementThe Secretary shall require motor carriers that have a hazardous material safety permit under part 385 of title 49, Code of Federal Regulations, to maintain, follow, and carry a route plan, in written or electronic format, that meets the requirements of section 397.101 of that title when transporting the type and quantity of hazardous materials described in section 385.403 if the Secretary determines, under the assessment required in subsection (b), that such a requirement would enhance security and safety without imposing unreasonable costs or burdens upon motor carriers.

6 U.S.C. § 1204 Motor carrier security-sensitive material tracking

(a) Communications(1) In generalNot later than 6 months after August 3, 2007, consistent with the findings of the Transportation Security Administration’s hazardous materials truck security pilot program, the Secretary, through the Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration and in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall develop a program to facilitate the tracking of motor carrier shipments of security-sensitive materials and to equip vehicles used in such shipments with technology that provides—(A) frequent or continuous communications; (B) vehicle position location and tracking capabilities; and (C) a feature that allows a driver of such vehicles to broadcast an emergency distress signal. (2) ConsiderationsIn developing the program required by paragraph (1), the Secretary shall—(A) consult with the Secretary of Transportation to coordinate the program with any ongoing or planned efforts for motor carrier or security-sensitive materials tracking at the Department of Transportation; (B) take into consideration the recommendations and findings of the report on the hazardous material safety and security operational field test released by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration on November 11, 2004; and (C) evaluate—(i) any new information related to the costs and benefits of deploying, equipping, and utilizing tracking technology, including portable tracking technology, for motor carriers transporting security-sensitive materials not included in the hazardous material safety and security operational field test report released by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration on November 11, 2004; (ii) the ability of tracking technology to resist tampering and disabling; (iii) the capability of tracking technology to collect, display, and store information regarding the movement of shipments of security-sensitive materials by commercial motor vehicles; (iv) the appropriate range of contact intervals between the tracking technology and a commercial motor vehicle transporting security-sensitive materials; (v) technology that allows the installation by a motor carrier of concealed electronic devices on commercial motor vehicles that can be activated by law enforcement authorities to disable the vehicle or alert emergency response resources to locate and recover security-sensitive materials in the event of loss or theft of such materials; (vi) whether installation of the technology described in clause (v) should be incorporated into the program under paragraph (1); (vii) the costs, benefits, and practicality of such technology described in clause (v) in the context of the overall benefit to national security, including commerce in transportation; and (viii) other systems and information the Secretary determines appropriate. (b) FundingFrom the amounts appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section—(1) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2008 of which $3,000,000 may be used for equipment; (2) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2009 of which $3,000,000 may be used for equipment; and (3) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2010 of which $3,000,000 may be used for equipment. (c) ReportNot later than 1 year after the issuance of regulations under subsection (a), the Secretary shall issue a report to the appropriate congressional committees on the program developed and evaluation carried out under this section. (d) LimitationThe Secretary may not mandate the installation or utilization of a technology described under this section without additional congressional authority provided after August 3, 2007.

6 U.S.C. § 1205 Hazardous materials security inspections and study

(a) In generalThe Secretary of Transportation shall consult with the Secretary to limit, to the extent practicable, duplicative reviews of the hazardous materials security plans required under part 172, title 49, Code of Federal Regulations. (b) Transportation costs studyWithin 1 year after August 3, 2007, the Secretary of Transportation, in conjunction with the Secretary, shall study to what extent the insurance, security, and safety costs borne by railroad carriers, motor carriers, pipeline carriers, air carriers, and maritime carriers associated with the transportation of hazardous materials are reflected in the rates paid by offerors of such commodities as compared to the costs and rates, respectively, for the transportation of nonhazardous materials.

6 U.S.C. § 1206 Use of transportation security card in hazmat licensing

(1) Background checkAn individual who has a valid transportation employee identification card issued by the Secretary under section 70105 of title 46 shall be deemed to have met the background records check required under section 5103a of title 49. (2) State reviewNothing in this section prevents or preempts a State from conducting a criminal records check of an individual that has applied for a license to operate a motor vehicle transporting in commerce a hazardous material.

6 U.S.C. § 1207 Pipeline security inspections and enforcement

(a) In generalNot later than 9 months after August 3, 2007, consistent with the Annex to the Memorandum of Understanding executed on August 9, 2006, between the Department of Transportation and the Department, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall establish a program for reviewing pipeline operator adoption of recommendations of the September 5, 2002, Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration’s Pipeline Security Information Circular, including the review of pipeline security plans and critical facility inspections. (b) Review and inspectionNot later than 12 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary and the Secretary of Transportation shall develop and implement a plan for reviewing the pipeline security plans and an inspection of the critical facilities of the 100 most critical pipeline operators covered by the September 5, 2002, circular, where such facilities have not been inspected for security purposes since September 5, 2002, by either the Department or the Department of Transportation. (c) Compliance review methodologyIn reviewing pipeline operator compliance under subsections (a) and (b), risk assessment methodologies shall be used to prioritize risks and to target inspection and enforcement actions to the highest risk pipeline assets. (d) RegulationsNot later than 18 months after August 3, 2007, the Secretary and the Secretary of Transportation shall develop and transmit to pipeline operators security recommendations for natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines and pipeline facilities. If the Secretary determines that regulations are appropriate, the Secretary shall consult with the Secretary of Transportation on the extent of risk and appropriate mitigation measures, and the Secretary or the Secretary of Transportation, consistent with the Annex to the Memorandum of Understanding executed on August 9, 2006, shall promulgate such regulations and carry out necessary inspection and enforcement actions. Any regulations shall incorporate the guidance provided to pipeline operators by the September 5, 2002, Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration’s Pipeline Security Information Circular and contain additional requirements as necessary based upon the results of the inspections performed under subsection (b). The regulations shall include the imposition of civil penalties for noncompliance. (e) FundingFrom the amounts appropriated pursuant to section 114(w) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 49, there shall be made available to the Secretary to carry out this section—(1) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2008; (2) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2009; and (3) $2,000,000 for fiscal year 2010.

6 U.S.C. § 1208 Pipeline security and incident recovery plan

(a) In generalThe Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Transportation and the Administrator of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, and in accordance with the Annex to the Memorandum of Understanding executed on August 9, 2006, the National Strategy for Transportation Security, and Homeland Security Presidential Directive–7, shall develop a pipeline security and incident recovery protocols plan. The plan shall include—(1) for the Government to provide increased security support to the most critical interstate and intrastate natural gas and hazardous liquid transmission pipeline infrastructure and operations as determined under section 1207 of this title when—(A) under severe security threat levels of alert; or (B) under specific security threat information relating to such pipeline infrastructure or operations exists; and (2) an incident recovery protocol plan, developed in conjunction with interstate and intrastate transmission and distribution pipeline operators and terminals and facilities operators connected to pipelines, to develop protocols to ensure the continued transportation of natural gas and hazardous liquids to essential markets and for essential public health or national defense uses in the event of an incident affecting the interstate and intrastate natural gas and hazardous liquid transmission and distribution pipeline system, which shall include protocols for restoring essential services supporting pipelines and granting access to pipeline operators for pipeline infrastructure repair, replacement, or bypass following an incident. (b) Existing private and public sector effortsThe plan shall take into account actions taken or planned by both private and public entities to address identified pipeline security issues and assess the effective integration of such actions. (c) ConsultationIn developing the plan under subsection (a), the Secretary shall consult with the Secretary of Transportation, interstate and intrastate transmission and distribution pipeline operators, nonprofit employee organizations representing pipeline employees, emergency responders, offerors, State pipeline safety agencies, public safety officials, and other relevant parties. (d) Report(1) ContentsNot later than 2 years after August 3, 2007, the Secretary shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report containing the plan required by subsection (a), including an estimate of the private and public sector costs to implement any recommendations. (2) FormatThe Secretary may submit the report in both classified and redacted formats if the Secretary determines that such action is appropriate or necessary.