C.R.S. § 8-40-101 Short title
8-40-101. Short title. Articles 40 to 47 of this title shall be known and may be cited as the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado".
General Provisions
C.R.S. tit. 8, art. 40
in effectC.R.S. § 8-40-102 Legislative declaration
8-40-102. Legislative declaration. (1) It is the intent of the general assembly that the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado" be interpreted so as to assure the quick and efficient delivery of disability and medical benefits to injured workers at a reasonable cost to employers, without the necessity of any litigation, recognizing that the workers' compensation system in Colorado is based on a mutual renunciation of common law rights and defenses by employers and employees alike.
(2) The general assembly hereby finds that the determination of whether an individual is an employee for purposes of the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado" is subject to a great deal of speculation and litigation. It is the intent of the general assembly to provide an easily ascertainable standard for determining whether an individual is an employee. In order to further this objective, the test for determining whether an individual is an employee for the purposes of the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado" shall be based on the nine criteria found in section 8-40-202 (2)(b)(II) which shall supersede the common law. The fact that an individual performs services exclusively or primarily for another shall not be conclusive evidence that the individual is an employee.
C.R.S. § 8-40-201 Definitions
8-40-201. Definitions. As used in articles 40 to 47 of this title 8, unless the context otherwise requires:
(1) "Accident" means an unforeseen event occurring without the will or design of the person whose mere act causes it; an unexpected, unusual, or undesigned occurrence; or the effect of an unknown cause or, the cause, being known, an unprecedented consequence of it.
(2) "Accident", "injury", or "injuries" includes disability or death resulting from accident or occupational disease as defined in subsection (14) of this section.
(2.5) Repealed.
(3) "Board" means the board of directors of Pinnacol Assurance.
(3.4) "Chief executive officer" means the chief executive officer of Pinnacol Assurance.
(3.5) Repealed.
(3.6) "Claimant" means a person who either:
(a) Receives benefits under articles 40 to 47 of this title; or
(b) Has or asserts, in any administrative or judicial forum or in any communication with the director, the division, or an employer, insurer, or self-insured employer, a right to receive such benefits.
(4) "Division" means the division of workers' compensation in the department of labor and employment.
(5) "Director" means the director of the division of workers' compensation.
(6) "Employee" has the meaning set forth in section 8-40-202 and the scope of such term is set forth in section 8-40-301.
(7) "Employer" has the meaning set forth in section 8-40-203 and the scope of such term is set forth in section 8-40-302.
(8) "Employment" means any trade, occupation, job, position, or process of manufacture or any method of carrying on any trade, occupation, job, position, or process of manufacture in which any person may be engaged; except that it shall not include participation in a ridesharing arrangement, as defined in section 39-22-509 (1)(a)(II), C.R.S., and participation in such a ridesharing arrangement shall not affect the wages paid to or hours or conditions of employment of an employee; nor shall it include the employee's participation in a voluntary recreational activity or program, regardless of whether the employer promoted, sponsored, or supported the recreational activity or program.
(9) "Examiner" means one of the industrial claim appeals examiners appointed to the industrial claim appeals panel in the industrial claim appeals office.
(10) "Executive director" means the executive director of the department of labor and employment.
(11) (Deleted by amendment, L. 2002, p. 1882, § 27, effective July 1, 2002.)
(11.5) "Maximum medical improvement" means a point in time when any medically determinable physical or mental impairment as a result of injury has become stable and when no further treatment is reasonably expected to improve the condition. The requirement for future medical maintenance which will not significantly improve the condition or the possibility of improvement or deterioration resulting from the passage of time shall not affect a finding of maximum medical improvement. The possibility of improvement or deterioration resulting from the passage of time alone shall not affect a finding of maximum medical improvement.
(12) "Mediation" means a process through which parties involved in a dispute concerning matters arising under articles 40 to 47 of this title meet with a mediator to discuss such matter or matters, defining and articulating the issues and their positions on such issues, with a goal of resolving such dispute or disputes.
(13) "Mediator" means an individual who is trained to assist disputants in reaching a mutually acceptable resolution of their disputes through the identification and evaluation of alternatives.
(13.5) Repealed.
s title meet with a mediator to discuss such matter or matters, defining and articulating the issues and their positions on such issues, with a goal of resolving such dispute or disputes.
(13) "Mediator" means an individual who is trained to assist disputants in reaching a mutually acceptable resolution of their disputes through the identification and evaluation of alternatives.
(13.5) Repealed.
(14) "Occupational disease" means a disease which results directly from the employment or the conditions under which work was performed, which can be seen to have followed as a natural incident of the work and as a result of the exposure occasioned by the nature of the employment, and which can be fairly traced to the employment as a proximate cause and which does not come from a hazard to which the worker would have been equally exposed outside of the employment.
(15) "Order" means and includes any decision, finding and award, direction, rule, regulation, or other determination arrived at by the director or an administrative law judge.
(15.5) (a) "Overpayment" means money received by a claimant that:
(I) Is the result of fraud;
(II) Is the result of an error due only to miscalculation, omission, or clerical error asserted in a new admission of liability filed within thirty days of the erroneous admission of liability;
(III) Is paid in error or inadvertently in excess of an admission or order that exists at the time that the benefits are paid to a claimant; or
(IV) Results in duplicate benefits because of offsets that reduce disability or death benefits payable under articles 40 to 47 of this title 8. Duplicate benefits include any wages earned by a claimant in the same or other employment while a claimant is also receiving temporary disability benefits.
(b) For an overpayment to result, it is not necessary that the overpayment exist at the time the claimant received disability or death benefits under articles 40 to 47 of this title 8.
(c) Nothing in this subsection (15.5):
(I) Prevents an insurance carrier or an employer from receiving a credit against permanent disability benefits for temporary disability benefits paid beyond the initial date of maximum medical improvement assigned by an authorized treating physician or the final date of maximum medical improvement established by any other means, whichever is later and to the extent that permanent disability benefits remain unpaid at the time of the filing of a final admission of liability; or
(II) Affects the power of the director or administrative law judges to determine overpayments and require repayment of overpayments pursuant to sections 8-42-113.5 and 8-43-207 (1)(q).
(16) "Panel" means the industrial claim appeals panel that conducts administrative appellate review pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(16.5) (a) "Permanent total disability" means the employee is unable to earn any wages in the same or other employment. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection (16.5), the burden of proof shall be on the employee to prove that the employee is unable to earn any wages in the same or other employment.
nducts administrative appellate review pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(16.5) (a) "Permanent total disability" means the employee is unable to earn any wages in the same or other employment. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this subsection (16.5), the burden of proof shall be on the employee to prove that the employee is unable to earn any wages in the same or other employment.
(b) Total loss of or total loss of use of both hands, or both arms, or both feet, or both legs, or both eyes, or any two thereof shall create a rebuttable presumption of permanent total disability. "Total loss of use" shall be a medical determination, based upon objective findings, made by an independent medical examiner who is a level II accredited physician in the appropriate field.
(17) "Place of employment" means every place whether indoors, outdoors, or underground and the premises, workplaces, works, and plants appertaining thereto or used in connection therewith where either temporarily or permanently any industry, trade, or business is carried on; or where any process or operation directly or indirectly relating to any industry, trade, or business is carried on; or where any person is directly or indirectly employed by another for direct or indirect gain or profit.
(18) "State" includes any state or territory of the United States, the District of Columbia, and any province of Canada.
(18.5) "Temporary help contracting firm" means any person who is in the business of employing individuals and, for compensation from a third party, providing those individuals to perform work for the third party, under the supervision of the third party.
(19) (a) "Wages" shall be construed to mean the money rate at which the services rendered are recompensed under the contract of hire in force at the time of the injury, either express or implied.
(b) The term "wages" includes the amount of the employee's cost of continuing the employer's group health insurance plan and, upon termination of the continuation, the employee's cost of conversion to a similar or lesser insurance plan, and gratuities reported to the federal internal revenue service by or for the worker for purposes of filing federal income tax returns and the reasonable value of board, rent, housing, and lodging received from the employer, the reasonable value of which shall be fixed and determined from the facts by the division in each particular case, but does not include any similar advantage or fringe benefit not specifically enumerated in this subsection (19). If, after the injury, the employer continues to pay any advantage or fringe benefit specifically enumerated in this subsection (19), including the cost of health insurance coverage or the cost of the conversion of health insurance coverage, that advantage or benefit shall not be included in the determination of the employee's wages so long as the employer continues to make payment. Medicaid and other indigent health-care programs are not health insurance plans for the purposes of this section.
(c) No per diem payment shall be considered wages under this subsection (19) unless it is also considered wages for federal income tax purposes.
C.R.S. § 8-40-202 Employee
8-40-202. Employee. (1) "Employee" means:
(a) (I) (A) Every person in the service of the state, or of any county, city, town, or irrigation, drainage, or school district or any other taxing district therein, or of any public institution or administrative board thereof under any appointment or contract of hire, express or implied; and every elective official of the state, or of any county, city, town, or irrigation, drainage, or school district or any other taxing district therein, or of any public institution or administrative board thereof; and every member of the military forces of the state of Colorado while engaged in active service on behalf of the state under orders from competent authority. Police officers and firefighters who are regularly employed shall be deemed employees within the meaning of this paragraph (a), as shall also sheriffs and deputy sheriffs, regularly employed, and all persons called to serve upon any posse in pursuance of the provisions of section 30-10-516, C.R.S., during the period of their service upon such posse, and all members of volunteer fire departments, including any person receiving a retirement pension under section 31-30-1122, C.R.S., who serves as an active volunteer firefighter of a fire department subsequent to retirement pursuant to section 31-30-1132, C.R.S., or any person ordered by the chief or a designee of the chief's at the scene of an emergency or during the period of an emergency to become a member of that department for the duration of an emergency, and to perform the duties of a firefighter, and only if the person who is so ordered reports any claim within ten days of the cessation of the emergency, volunteer rescue teams or groups, volunteer disaster teams, volunteer ambulance teams or groups, and volunteer search teams in any county, city, town, municipality, or legally organized fire protection district or ambulance district in the state of Colorado, and all members of the civil air patrol, Colorado wing, while said persons are actually performing duties as volunteer firefighters or as members of such volunteer rescue teams or groups, volunteer disaster teams, volunteer ambulance teams or groups, or volunteer search teams or as members of the civil air patrol, Colorado wing, and while engaged in organized drills, practice, or training necessary or proper for the performance of such duties. Members of volunteer police departments, volunteer police reserves, and volunteer police teams or groups in any county, city, town, or municipality, while actually performing duties as volunteer police officers, may be deemed employees within the meaning of this paragraph (a) at the option of the governing body of such county or municipality.
(B) Notwithstanding the provisions of sub-subparagraph (A) of this subparagraph (I), any elected or appointed official of any county, city, town, or irrigation, drainage, or school district or taxing district who receives no compensation for service rendered as such an official, other than reimbursement of actual expenses, may be deemed not to be an employee within the meaning of this paragraph (a) at the option of the governing body of such county, city, town, or district. The option to exclude such officials as employees within the meaning of this paragraph (a) may be exercised as to any category of officials or as to any combination of categories of officials. Any such option may be exercised for any policy year by the filing of a statement with the division not less than forty-five days before the start of the policy year for which the option is to be exercised. If such a statement is in effect as to any category of such uncompensated officials, no official in said category shall be deemed an employee within the meaning of this paragraph (a). The governing body shall notify each official of such action promptly at the time such election to exclude is exercised.
an forty-five days before the start of the policy year for which the option is to be exercised. If such a statement is in effect as to any category of such uncompensated officials, no official in said category shall be deemed an employee within the meaning of this paragraph (a). The governing body shall notify each official of such action promptly at the time such election to exclude is exercised.
(II) The rate of compensation of such persons accidentally injured, or, if killed, the rate of compensation for their dependents, while serving upon such posse or as volunteer firefighters or as members of such volunteer police departments, volunteer police reserves, or volunteer police teams or groups or as members of such volunteer rescue teams or groups, volunteer disaster teams, volunteer ambulance teams or groups, or volunteer search teams or as members of the civil air patrol, Colorado wing, and of every nonsalaried person in the service of the state, or of any county, city, town, or irrigation, drainage, or school district therein, or of any public institution or administrative board thereof under any appointment or contract of hire, express or implied, including nonsalaried elective officials of the state, and of all members of the military forces of the state of Colorado shall be at the maximum rate provided by articles 40 to 47 of this title; except that this subparagraph (II) shall apply to an official described in sub-subparagraph (B) of subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a) only if no statement exercising the option to exclude such official as an employee within the meaning of this paragraph (a) is in effect.
(III) Any person who, as part of a rehabilitation program of the department of human or social services of any county or city and county, is placed with a private employer for the purpose of training or learning trades or occupations is deemed while so engaged to be an employee of such private employer. Any person who receives a work experience assignment to a position in any department or agency of any county or municipality, in any school district, in the office of any state agency or political subdivision thereof, or in any private for-profit or any nonprofit agency pursuant to the provisions of part 7 of article 2 of title 26 is deemed while so assigned to be an employee of the respective department, agency, office, political subdivision, private for profit or nonprofit agency, or school district to which said person is assigned or, if so negotiated between the county and the entity to which the person is assigned, of the county arranging the work experience assignment. Any person who receives a work experience assignment to a position in any federal office or agency pursuant to part 7 of article 2 of title 26 is deemed while so assigned to be an employee of the county arranging the work experience assignment. The rate of compensation for such persons if accidentally injured or, if killed, for their dependents is based upon the wages normally paid in the community in which they reside for the type of work in which they are engaged at the time of such injury or death; except that, if any such person is a minor, compensation to such minor for permanent disability, if any, or death benefits to such minor's dependents must be paid at the maximum rate of compensation payable under articles 40 to 47 of this title 8 at the time of the determination of such disability or of such death.
for the type of work in which they are engaged at the time of such injury or death; except that, if any such person is a minor, compensation to such minor for permanent disability, if any, or death benefits to such minor's dependents must be paid at the maximum rate of compensation payable under articles 40 to 47 of this title 8 at the time of the determination of such disability or of such death.
(IV) Except as provided in section 8-40-301 (3) and section 8-40-302 (7)(a), any person who may at any time be receiving training under any work or job training or rehabilitation program sponsored by any department, board, commission, or institution of the state of Colorado or of any county, city and county, city, town, school district, or private or parochial school or college and who, as part of any such work or job training or rehabilitation program of any department, board, commission, or institution of the state of Colorado or of any county, city and county, city, town, school district, or private or parochial school or college, is placed with any employer for the purpose of training or learning trades or occupations shall be deemed while so engaged to be an employee of the respective department, board, commission, or institution of the state of Colorado or of the county, city and county, city, town, school district, or private or parochial school or college sponsoring such training or rehabilitation program unless the following conditions are met, in which case the placed person shall be deemed an employee of the employer with whom he or she is placed:
(A) The sponsoring entity and the employer agree that the employer shall cover the placed person under the employer's workers' compensation insurance;
(B) The employer does in fact insure and keep insured its liability for workers' compensation as provided in articles 40 to 47 of this title and does in fact cover the placed person under such insurance; and
(C) With respect to agreements between sponsoring entities and employers entered into after April 1, 1991, the employer has been provided with notice of the provisions of this subparagraph (IV) and of subparagraphs (V) and (VI) of this paragraph (a).
(V) In the event a person placed with an employer is deemed an employee of the employer pursuant to subparagraph (IV) of this paragraph (a), the sponsoring entity shall not be subject to any liability for or on account of the death of or personal injury to the person so placed. In the event such person is deemed an employee of the sponsoring entity pursuant to the said subparagraph (IV), the employer shall not be subject to any liability for or on account of the death of or personal injury to the person and shall not be required to carry workers' compensation insurance or to pay premiums for workers' compensation insurance with respect to the person.
(VI) The rate of compensation for a person placed pursuant to subparagraph (IV) of this paragraph (a) if accidentally injured or, if killed, for dependents of such person shall be based upon the wages normally paid in the community in which such person resides or in the community where said work or job training or rehabilitation program is being conducted for the type of work in which the person is engaged at the time of such injury or death, as determined by the director; except that, if any such person is a minor, compensation for such minor for permanent disability, if any, or death benefits to such minor's dependents shall be paid at the maximum rate of compensation payable under articles 40 to 47 of this title at the time of the determination of such disability or death.
h the person is engaged at the time of such injury or death, as determined by the director; except that, if any such person is a minor, compensation for such minor for permanent disability, if any, or death benefits to such minor's dependents shall be paid at the maximum rate of compensation payable under articles 40 to 47 of this title at the time of the determination of such disability or death.
(b) Every person in the service of any person, association of persons, firm, or private corporation, including any public service corporation, personal representative, assignee, trustee, or receiver, under any contract of hire, express or implied, including aliens and also including minors, whether lawfully or unlawfully employed, who for the purpose of articles 40 to 47 of this title are considered the same and have the same power of contracting with respect to their employment as adult employees, but not including any persons who are expressly excluded from articles 40 to 47 of this title or whose employment is but casual and not in the usual course of the trade, business, profession, or occupation of the employer. The following persons shall also be deemed employees and entitled to benefits at the maximum rate provided by said articles, and, in the event of injury or death, their dependents shall likewise be entitled to such maximum benefits, if and when the association, team, group, or organization to which they belong has elected to become subject to articles 40 to 47 of this title and has insured its liability under said articles: All members of privately organized volunteer fire departments, volunteer rescue teams or groups, volunteer disaster teams, volunteer ambulance teams or groups, and volunteer search teams and organizations while performing their respective duties as members of such privately organized volunteer fire departments, volunteer rescue teams or groups, volunteer disaster teams, volunteer ambulance teams or groups, and volunteer search teams and organizations and while engaged in organized drills, practice, or training necessary or proper for the performance of their respective duties.
(2) (a) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, any individual who performs services for pay for another shall be deemed to be an employee, irrespective of whether the common-law relationship of master and servant exists, unless such individual is free from control and direction in the performance of the service, both under the contract for performance of service and in fact and such individual is customarily engaged in an independent trade, occupation, profession, or business related to the service performed. For purposes of this section, the degree of control exercised by the person for whom the service is performed over the performance of the service or over the individual performing the service shall not be considered if such control is exercised pursuant to the requirements of any state or federal statute or regulation.
nt trade, occupation, profession, or business related to the service performed. For purposes of this section, the degree of control exercised by the person for whom the service is performed over the performance of the service or over the individual performing the service shall not be considered if such control is exercised pursuant to the requirements of any state or federal statute or regulation.
(b) (I) To prove that an individual is engaged in an independent trade, occupation, profession, or business and is free from control and direction in the performance of the service, the individual and the person for whom services are performed may show by a preponderance of the evidence that the conditions set forth in paragraph (a) of this subsection (2) have been satisfied. The parties may also prove independence through a written document.
(II) To prove independence it must be shown that the person for whom services are performed does not:
(A) Require the individual to work exclusively for the person for whom services are performed; except that the individual may choose to work exclusively for such person for a finite period of time specified in the document;
(B) Establish a quality standard for the individual; except that the person may provide plans and specifications regarding the work but cannot oversee the actual work or instruct the individual as to how the work will be performed;
(C) Pay a salary or at an hourly rate instead of at a fixed or contract rate;
(D) Terminate the work of the service provider during the contract period unless such service provider violates the terms of the contract or fails to produce a result that meets the specifications of the contract;
(E) Provide more than minimal training for the individual;
(F) Provide tools or benefits to the individual; except that materials and equipment may be supplied;
(G) Dictate the time of performance; except that a completion schedule and a range of negotiated and mutually agreeable work hours may be established;
(H) Pay the service provider personally instead of making checks payable to the trade or business name of such service provider; and
(I) Combine the business operations of the person for whom service is provided in any way with the business operations of the service provider instead of maintaining all such operations separately and distinctly.
(III) A document may satisfy the requirements of this paragraph (b) if such document demonstrates by a preponderance of the evidence the existence of the factors listed in subparagraph (II) of this paragraph (b) as are appropriate to the parties' situation. The existence of any one of these factors is not conclusive evidence that the individual is an employee.
(IV) If the parties use a written document pursuant to this paragraph (b), such document must be signed by both parties and may be the contract for performance of service or a separate document. Such document shall create a rebuttable presumption of an independent contractor relationship between the parties where such document contains a disclosure, in type which is larger than the other provisions in the document or in bold-faced or underlined type, that the independent contractor is not entitled to workers' compensation benefits and that the independent contractor is obligated to pay federal and state income tax on any moneys earned pursuant to the contract relationship. All signatures on any such document must be duly notarized.
(V) If the parties use a written document pursuant to this paragraph (b) and one of the parties is a professional whose license to practice a particular occupation under the laws of the state of Colorado requires such professional to exercise a supervisory function with regard to an entire project such supervisory role shall not affect such professional's status as part of the independent contractor relationship.
es use a written document pursuant to this paragraph (b) and one of the parties is a professional whose license to practice a particular occupation under the laws of the state of Colorado requires such professional to exercise a supervisory function with regard to an entire project such supervisory role shall not affect such professional's status as part of the independent contractor relationship.
(c) Nothing in this section shall be construed to conflict with section 8-40-301 or to relieve any obligations imposed pursuant thereto.
(d) Nothing in this section shall be construed to remove the claimant's burden of proving the existence of an employer-employee relationship for purposes of receiving benefits pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(e) (I) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, a written agreement between a nonprofit youth sports organization and a coach, specifying that the coach is an independent contractor and not an employee of the nonprofit youth sports organization and otherwise satisfying the requirements of this paragraph (e), shall be conclusive evidence that the relationship between the nonprofit youth sports organization and the coach is an independent contractor relationship rather than an employment relationship and that the nonprofit youth sports organization is not obligated to secure compensation for the coach in accordance with the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado".
(II) The written agreement shall contain a disclosure, in bold-faced, underlined, or large type, in a conspicuous location, and acknowledged by the parties by signature, initials, or other means demonstrating that the parties have read and understand the disclosure, indicating that the coach:
(A) Is an independent contractor and not an employee of the nonprofit youth sports organization;
(B) Is not entitled to workers' compensation benefits in connection with his or her contract with the nonprofit youth sports organization; and
(C) Is obligated to pay federal and state income tax on any moneys paid pursuant to the contract for coaching services and that the nonprofit youth sports organization will not withhold any amounts from the coach for purposes of satisfying the coach's income tax liability.
(III) A written agreement between a nonprofit youth sports organization and a coach in accordance with this paragraph (e) shall not be conclusive evidence of an independent contractor relationship for purposes of any civil action instituted by a third party.
(IV) As used in this paragraph (e), "nonprofit youth sports organization" means an organization that is exempt from federal taxation under section 501 (c)(3) of the federal "Internal Revenue Code of 1986", as amended, and is primarily engaged in conducting organized sports programs for persons under twenty-one years of age.
(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, "employee" includes a person who participates in a property tax work-off program established pursuant to article 3.7 of title 39, C.R.S.
C.R.S. § 8-40-203 Employer
8-40-203. Employer. (1) "Employer" means:
(a) The state, and every county, city, town, and irrigation, drainage, and school district and all other taxing districts therein, and all public institutions and administrative boards thereof without regard to the number of persons in the service of any such public employer. All such public employers shall be at all times subject to the compensation provisions of articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(b) Every person, association of persons, firm, and private corporation, including any public service corporation, personal representative, assignee, trustee, or receiver, who has one or more persons engaged in the same business or employment, except as otherwise expressly provided in articles 40 to 47 of this title, in service under any contract of hire, express or implied.
(c) Repealed.
C.R.S. § 8-40-301 Scope of term "employee" - definition
8-40-301. Scope of term "employee" - definition. (1) (a) "Employee" excludes any person employed by a passenger tramway area operator, as defined in section 12-150-103 (1), or other employer, while participating in recreational activity, who at such time is relieved of and is not performing any duties of employment, regardless of whether such person is utilizing, by discount or otherwise, a pass, ticket, license, permit, or other device as an emolument of employment.
(b) (I) "Employee" excludes any person employed by an out-of-state employer performing incidental work in Colorado where the employee is covered at the time of injury under the workers' compensation act of another state regardless of where the contract for employment was created.
(II) For purposes of this section, "incidental work" means work that is randomly or fortuitously in Colorado.
(III) This section only applies to a workers' compensation act of another state that includes a reciprocal provision exempting Colorado employers from liability under the other state's act for incidental work.
(2) "Employee" excludes any person who is a licensed real estate sales agent or a licensed real estate broker associated with another real estate broker if:
(a) Substantially all of the sales agent's or associated broker's remuneration from real estate brokerage is derived from real estate commissions; and
(b) The services of the sales agent or associated broker are performed under a written contract specifying that the sales agent or associated broker is an independent contractor; and
(c) Such contract provides that the sales agent or associated broker shall not be treated as an employee for federal income tax purposes.
(3) (a) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 8-40-202 (1)(a)(IV), "employee" excludes any person who is confined to a city or county jail or any department of corrections facility as an inmate and who, as a part of such confinement, is working, performing services, or participating in a training or rehabilitation or work release program; except that "employee" includes an inmate of a department of corrections facility or a city, county, or city and county jail who is working, performing services, or participating in a training, rehabilitation, or work release program that has been certified by the federal prison industry enhancement certification program pursuant to the federal "Justice System Improvement Act of 1979", 18 U.S.C. sec. 1761 (c). For the purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title, an inmate participating in a program certified by the federal prison industry enhancement certification program is an employee of that certified program, which certified program shall carry workers' compensation insurance pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title. No inmate participating in a certified program shall be deemed to be an employee of the state, city, county, or city and county that owns, operates, or contracts for the operation of the facility or jail in which the inmate is incarcerated.
(b) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) do not apply to an inmate who is working for a private employer under a contract of hire wherein the private employer is required to maintain workers' compensation insurance for its employees pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title. Such inmate shall be an employee of such private employer for purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(c) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) do not apply to an inmate working for a joint venture established pursuant to the provisions of section 17-24-119 or 17-24-121, C.R.S. Such inmate shall be an employee of such joint venture for purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title.
inmate shall be an employee of such private employer for purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(c) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) do not apply to an inmate working for a joint venture established pursuant to the provisions of section 17-24-119 or 17-24-121, C.R.S. Such inmate shall be an employee of such joint venture for purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(d) The provisions of paragraph (a) of this subsection (3) do not apply to an inmate working for a private person or entity pursuant to the provisions of section 17-24-122, C.R.S. Such inmate shall be an employee of such private person or entity for purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(4) "Employee" excludes any person who volunteers time or services for a ski area operator, as defined in section 33-44-103 (7), C.R.S., or for a ski area sponsored program or activity, notwithstanding the fact that such person may receive noncash remuneration for such person or such person's designee in conjunction with such person's status as a volunteer. No contract of hire, express or implied, is created between any volunteer pursuant to this section and a ski area operator. Notice shall be given to such volunteer in writing that the volunteering of time or services under this subsection (4) does not constitute employment for purposes of the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado" and that such person is not entitled to benefits pursuant to said act.
(5) "Employee" excludes any person who is working as a driver under a lease agreement pursuant to section 40-11.5-102, C.R.S., with a common carrier or contract carrier.
(6) Any person working as a driver with a common carrier or contract carrier as described in this section shall be eligible for and shall be offered workers' compensation insurance coverage by Pinnacol Assurance or similar coverage consistent with the requirements set forth in section 40-11.5-102 (5), C.R.S.
(7) Persons who provide host home services as part of residential services and supports, as described in section 25.5-10-206 (1)(e), for an eligible person, as defined in section 25.5-6-403 (2)(a), pursuant to the "Home- and Community-based Services for Persons with Developmental Disabilities Act", part 4 of article 6 of title 25.5, and pursuant to a contract with a service agency as defined in section 25.5-10-202 (34) are not considered employees of the service agency.
(8) For the purposes of articles 40 to 47 of this title 8, "employee" excludes any person who performs services for more than one employer at a race meet as defined by section 44-32-102 (20) or at a horse track as defined by section 44-32-102 (8).
(9) Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, "employee" includes a person who participates in a property tax work-off program established pursuant to article 3.7 of title 39, C.R.S.
C.R.S. § 8-40-302 Scope of term "employer"
8-40-302. Scope of term "employer".
(1) Repealed.
(2) Articles 40 to 47 of this title are not intended to apply to employees of eleemosynary, charitable, fraternal, religious, or social employers who are elected or appointed to serve in an advisory capacity and receive an annual salary or an amount not in excess of seven hundred fifty dollars and are not otherwise subject to the "Workers' Compensation Act of Colorado".
(3) Articles 40 to 47 of this title are not intended to apply to employers of casual farm and ranch labor or employers of persons who do casual maintenance, repair, remodeling, yard, lawn, tree, or shrub planting or trimming, or similar work about the place of business, trade, or profession of the employer if such employers have no other employees subject to said articles 40 to 47, if such employments are casual and are not within the course of the trade, business, or profession of said employers, if the amounts expended for wages paid by the employers to casual persons employed to do maintenance, repair, remodeling, yard, lawn, tree, or shrub planting or trimming, or similar work about the place of business, trade, or profession of the employer do not exceed the sum of two thousand dollars for any calendar year, and if the amounts expended for wages by the employer of casual farm and ranch labor do not exceed the sum of two thousand dollars for any calendar year.
(4) Articles 40 to 47 of this title are not intended to apply to employers of persons who do domestic work or maintenance, repair, remodeling, yard, lawn, tree, or shrub planting or trimming, or similar work about the private home of the employer if such employers have no other employees subject to said articles 40 to 47 and if such employments are not within the course of the trade, business, or profession of said employers. This exemption shall not apply to such employers if the persons who perform the work are regularly employed by such employers on a full-time basis. For purposes of this subsection (4), "full-time" means work performed for forty hours or more a week or on five days or more a week.
(5) (a) Any employer excluded under this section may elect to accept the provisions of articles 40 to 47 of this title by purchasing and keeping in force a policy of workers' compensation insurance covering said employees.
(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of articles 40 to 47 of this title, any working general partner or sole proprietor actively engaged in the business may elect to be included by endorsement as an employee of the insured and shall be entitled to elect coverage regardless of whether such working general partner or sole proprietor employs any other person under any contract of hire.
(6) Articles 40 to 47 of this title are intended to apply to officers of agricultural corporations; but effective July 1, 1977, any such agricultural corporation may elect to reject the provisions of articles 40 to 47 of this title for any or all of said officers.
(7) (a) Any employer, as defined in section 8-40-203, who enters into a bona fide cooperative education or student internship program sponsored by an educational institution for the purpose of providing on-the-job training for students shall be deemed an employer of such students for the purposes of workers' compensation and liability insurance pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title.
ficers.
(7) (a) Any employer, as defined in section 8-40-203, who enters into a bona fide cooperative education or student internship program sponsored by an educational institution for the purpose of providing on-the-job training for students shall be deemed an employer of such students for the purposes of workers' compensation and liability insurance pursuant to articles 40 to 47 of this title.
(b) If the student placed in an on-the-job training program does not receive any pay or remuneration from the employer, the educational institution sponsoring the student in the cooperative education or student internship program shall insure the student through the institution's workers' compensation and liability insurance or enter into negotiations with the employer for the purpose of arriving at a reasonable level of compensation to the employer for the employer's expense of providing workers' compensation and liability insurance while such student is participating in on-the-job training with said employer. This paragraph (b) shall not apply to a student teacher participating in a program authorized pursuant to article 62 of title 22, C.R.S.
(c) As used in this subsection (7), "cooperative education or student internship program" means a program sponsored by an educational institution in which a student is taught through a coordinated combination of specialized in-the-school instruction provided through an educational institution by qualified teachers and on-the-job training provided through a local business, agency, or organization or any governmental agency in cooperation with the educational institution.
Source: Open US Law by Vaquill AI (CC BY 4.0)URL: https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-08.docxFetched: 10/6/2026