USC Subpart C

USC Subpart C
in effect

26 U.S.C. § 461 General rule for taxable year of deduction

(a) General ruleThe amount of any deduction or credit allowed by this subtitle shall be taken for the taxable year which is the proper taxable year under the method of accounting used in computing taxable income. (b) Special rule in case of deathIn the case of the death of a taxpayer whose taxable income is computed under an accrual method of accounting, any amount accrued as a deduction or credit only by reason of the death of the taxpayer shall not be allowed in computing taxable income for the period in which falls the date of the taxpayer’s death. (c) Accrual of real property taxes(1) In generalIf the taxable income is computed under an accrual method of accounting, then, at the election of the taxpayer, any real property tax which is related to a definite period of time shall be accrued ratably over that period. (2) When election may be made(A) Without consentA taxpayer may, without the consent of the Secretary, make an election under this subsection for his first taxable year in which he incurs real property taxes. Such an election shall be made not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the return for such year (including extensions thereof). (B) With consentA taxpayer may, with the consent of the Secretary, make an election under this subsection at any time. (d) Limitation on acceleration of accrual of taxes(1) General ruleIn the case of a taxpayer whose taxable income is computed under an accrual method of accounting, to the extent that the time for accruing taxes is earlier than it would be but for any action of any taxing jurisdiction taken after December 31, 1960, then, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, such taxes shall be treated as accruing at the time they would have accrued but for such action by such taxing jurisdiction. (2) LimitationUnder regulations prescribed by the Secretary, paragraph (1) shall be inapplicable to any item of tax to the extent that its application would (but for this paragraph) prevent all persons (including successors in interest) from ever taking such item into account. (e) Dividends or interest paid on certain deposits or withdrawable accountsExcept as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, amounts paid to, or credited to the accounts of, depositors or holders of accounts as dividends or interest on their deposits or withdrawable accounts (if such amounts paid or credited are withdrawable on demand subject only to customary notice to withdraw) by a mutual savings bank not having capital stock represented by shares, a domestic building and loan association, or a cooperative bank shall not be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year to the extent such amounts are paid or credited for periods representing more than 12 months. Any such amount not allowed as a deduction as the result of the application of the preceding sentence shall be allowed as a deduction for such other taxable year as the Secretary determines to be consistent with the preceding sentence. (f) Contested liabilitiesIf—(1) the taxpayer contests an asserted liability, (2) the taxpayer transfers money or other property to provide for the satisfaction of the asserted liability, (3) the contest with respect to the asserted liability exists after the time of the transfer, and (4) but for the fact that the asserted liability is contested, a deduction would be allowed for the taxable year of the transfer (or for an earlier taxable year) determined after application of subsection (h), then the deduction shall be allowed for the taxable year of the transfer. This subsection shall not apply in respect of the deduction for income, war profits, and excess profits taxes imposed by the authority of any foreign country or possession of the United States. (g) Prepaid interest(1) In generalIf the taxable income of the taxpayer is computed under the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting, interest paid by the taxpayer which, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, is properly allocable to any period—(A) with respect to which the interest represents a charge for the use or forbearance of money, and (B) which is after the close of the taxable year in which paid, shall be charged to capital account and shall be treated as paid in the period to which so allocable. (2) ExceptionThis subsection shall not apply to points paid in respect of any indebtedness incurred in connection with the purchase or improvement of, and secured by, the principal residence of the taxpayer to the extent that, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, such payment of points is an established business practice in the area in which such indebtedness is incurred, and the amount of such payment does not exceed the amount generally charged in such area. (h) Certain liabilities not incurred before economic performance(1) In generalFor purposes of this title, in determining whether an amount has been incurred with respect to any item during any taxable year, the all events test shall not be treated as met any earlier than when economic performance with respect to such item occurs. (2) Time when economic performance occursExcept as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the time when economic performance occurs shall be determined under the following principles:(A) Services and property provided to the tax­payerIf the liability of the taxpayer arises out of—(i) the providing of services to the taxpayer by another person, economic performance occurs as such person provides such services, (ii) the providing of property to the taxpayer by another person, economic performance occurs as the person provides such property, or (iii) the use of property by the taxpayer, economic performance occurs as the taxpayer uses such property. (B) Services and property provided by the taxpayerIf the liability of the taxpayer requires the taxpayer to provide property or services, economic performance occurs as the taxpayer provides such property or services. (C) Workers compensation and tort liabilities of the taxpayerIf the liability of the taxpayer requires a payment to another person and—(i) arises under any workers compensation act, or (ii) arises out of any tort, economic performance occurs as the payments to such person are made. Subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not apply to any liability described in the preceding sentence. (D) Other itemsIn the case of any other liability of the taxpayer, economic performance occurs at the time determined under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. (3) Exception for certain recurring items(A) In generalNotwithstanding paragraph (1) an item shall be treated as incurred during any taxable year if—(i) the all events test with respect to such item is met during such taxable year (determined without regard to paragraph (1)), (ii) economic performance with respect to such item occurs within the shorter of—(I) a reasonable period after the close of such taxable year, or (II) 8½ months after the close of such taxable year, (iii) such item is recurring in nature and the taxpayer consistently treats items of such kind as incurred in the taxable year in which the requirements of clause (i) are met, and (iv) either—(I) such item is not a material item, or (II) the accrual of such item in the taxable year in which the requirements of clause (i) are met results in a more proper match against income than accruing such item in the taxable year in which economic performance occurs. (B) Financial statements considered under subparagraph (A)(iv)In making a determination under subparagraph (A)(iv), the treatment of such item on financial statements shall be taken into account. (C) Paragraph not to apply to workers compensation and tort liabilitiesThis paragraph shall not apply to any item described in subparagraph (C) of paragraph (2). (4) All events testFor purposes of this subsection, the all events test is met with respect to any item if all events have occurred which determine the fact of liability and the amount of such liability can be determined with reasonable accuracy. (5) Subsection not to apply to certain itemsThis subsection shall not apply to any item for which a deduction is allowable under a provision of this title which specifically provides for a deduction for a reserve for estimated expenses. (i) Special rules for tax shelters(1) Recurring item exception not to applyIn the case of a tax shelter, economic performance shall be determined without regard to paragraph (3) of subsection (h). (2) Special rule for spudding of oil or gas wells(A) In generalIn the case of a tax shelter, economic performance with respect to amounts paid during the taxable year for drilling an oil or gas well shall be treated as having occurred within a taxable year if drilling of the well commences before the close of the 90th day after the close of the taxable year. (B) Deduction limited to cash basis(i) Tax shelter partnershipsIn the case of a tax shelter which is a partnership, in applying section 704(d) to a deduction or loss for any taxable year attributable to an item which is deductible by reason of subparagraph (A), the term “cash basis” shall be substituted for the term “adjusted basis”. (ii) Other tax sheltersUnder regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of a tax shelter other than a partnership, the aggregate amount of the deductions allowable by reason of subparagraph (A) for any taxable year shall be limited in a manner similar to the limitation under clause (i). (C) Cash basis definedFor purposes of subparagraph (B), a partner’s cash basis in a partnership shall be equal to the adjusted basis of such partner’s interest in the partnership, determined without regard to—(i) any liability of the partnership, and (ii) any amount borrowed by the partner with respect to such partnership which—(I) was arranged by the partnership or by any person who participated in the organization, sale, or management of the partnership (or any person related to such person within the meaning of section 465(b)(3)(C)), or (II) was secured by any asset of the partnership. (3) Tax shelter definedFor purposes of this subsection, the term “tax shelter” means—(A) any enterprise (other than a C corporation) if at any time interests in such enterprise have been offered for sale in any offering required to be registered with any Federal or State agency having the authority to regulate the offering of securities for sale, (B) any syndicate (within the meaning of section 1256(e)(3)(B)), and (C) any tax shelter (as defined in section 6662(d)(2)(C)(ii)). (4) Special rules for farmingIn the case of the trade or business of farming (as defined in section 464(e)), in determining whether an entity is a tax shelter, the definition of farming syndicate in subsection (k) shall be substituted for subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (3). (5) Economic performanceFor purposes of this subsection, the term “economic performance” has the meaning given such term by subsection (h). (j) Limitation on excess farm losses of certain taxpayers(1) LimitationIf a taxpayer other than a C corporation receives any applicable subsidy for any taxable year, any excess farm loss of the taxpayer for the taxable year shall not be allowed. (2) Disallowed loss carried to next taxable yearAny loss which is disallowed under paragraph (1) shall be treated as a deduction of the taxpayer attributable to farming businesses in the next taxable year. (3) Applicable subsidyFor purposes of this subsection, the term “applicable subsidy” means—(A) any direct or counter-cyclical payment under title I of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, or any payment elected to be received in lieu of any such payment, or (B) any Commodity Credit Corporation loan. (4) Excess farm lossFor purposes of this subsection—(A) In generalThe term “excess farm loss” means the excess of—(i) the aggregate deductions of the taxpayer for the taxable year which are attributable to farming businesses of such taxpayer (determined without regard to whether or not such deductions are disallowed for such taxable year under paragraph (1)), over (ii) the sum of—(I) the aggregate gross income or gain of such taxpayer for the taxable year which is attributable to such farming businesses, plus (II) the threshold amount for the taxable year. (B) Threshold amount(i) In generalThe term “threshold amount” means, with respect to any taxable year, the greater of—(I) $300,000 ($150,000 in the case of married individuals filing separately), or (II) the excess (if any) of the aggregate amounts described in subparagraph (A)(ii)(I) for the 5-consecutive taxable year period preceding the taxable year over the aggregate amounts described in subparagraph (A)(i) for such period. (ii) Special rules for determining aggregate amountsFor purposes of clause (i)(II)—(I) notwithstanding the disregard in subparagraph (A)(i) of any disallowance under paragraph (1), in the case of any loss which is carried forward under paragraph (2) from any taxable year, such loss (or any portion thereof) shall be taken into account for the first taxable year in which a deduction for such loss (or portion) is not disallowed by reason of this subsection, and (II) the Secretary shall prescribe rules for the computation of the aggregate amounts described in such clause in cases where the filing status of the taxpayer is not the same for the taxable year and each of the taxable years in the period described in such clause. (C) Farming business(i) In generalThe term “farming business” has the meaning given such term in section 263A(e)(4). (ii) Certain trades and businesses includedIf, without regard to this clause, a taxpayer is engaged in a farming business with respect to any agricultural or horticultural commodity—(I) the term “farming business” shall include any trade or business of the taxpayer of the processing of such commodity (without regard to whether the processing is incidental to the growing, raising, or harvesting of such commodity), and (II) if the taxpayer is a member of a cooperative to which subchapter T applies, any trade or business of the cooperative described in subclause (I) shall be treated as the trade or business of the taxpayer. (D) Certain losses disregardedFor purposes of subparagraph (A)(i), there shall not be taken into account any deduction for any loss arising by reason of fire, storm, or other casualty, or by reason of disease or drought, involving any farming business. (5) Application of subsection in case of partnerships and S corporationsIn the case of a partnership or S corporation—(A) this subsection shall be applied at the partner or shareholder level, and (B) each partner’s or shareholder’s proportionate share of the items of income, gain, or deduction of the partnership or S corporation for any taxable year from farming businesses attributable to the partnership or S corporation, and of any applicable subsidies received by the partnership or S corporation during the taxable year, shall be taken into account by the partner or shareholder in applying this subsection to the taxable year of such partner or shareholder with or within which the taxable year of the partnership or S corporation ends. The Secretary may provide rules for the application of this paragraph to any other pass-thru entity to the extent necessary to carry out the provisions of this subsection. (6) Additional reportingThe Secretary may prescribe such additional reporting requirements as the Secretary determines appropriate to carry out the purposes of this subsection. (7) Coordination with section 469This subsection shall be applied before the application of section 469. (k) Farming syndicate defined(1) In generalFor purposes of subsection (i)(4), the term “farming syndicate” means—(A) a partnership or any other enterprise other than a corporation which is not an S corporation engaged in the trade or business of farming, if at any time interests in such partnership or enterprise have been offered for sale in any offering required to be registered with any Federal or State agency having authority to regulate the offering of securities for sale, or (B) a partnership or any other enterprise other than a corporation which is not an S corporation engaged in the trade or business of farming, if more than 35 percent of the losses during any period are allocable to limited partners or limited entrepreneurs. (2) Holdings attributable to active managementFor purposes of paragraph (1)(B), the following shall be treated as an interest which is not held by a limited partner or a limited entrepreneur:(A) in the case of any individual who has actively participated (for a period of not less than 5 years) in the management of any trade or business of farming, any interest in a partnership or other enterprise which is attributable to such active participation, (B) in the case of any individual whose principal residence is on a farm, any partnership or other enterprise engaged in the trade or business of farming such farm, (C) in the case of any individual who is actively participating in the management of any trade or business of farming or who is an individual who is described in subparagraph (A) or (B), any participation in the further processing of livestock which was raised in such trade or business (or in the trade or business referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B)), (D) in the case of an individual whose principal business activity involves active participation in the management of a trade or business of farming, any interest in any other trade or business of farming, and, (E) any interest held by a member of the family (or a spouse of any such member) of a grandparent of an individual described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) if the interest in the partnership or the enterprise is attributable to the active participation of the individual described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D). For purposes of subparagraph (A), where one farm is substituted for or added to another farm, both farms shall be treated as one farm. For purposes of subparagraph (E), the term “family” has the meaning given to such term by section 267(c)(4). (3) FarmingFor purposes of this subsection, the term “farming” has the meaning given to such term by section 464(e). (4) Limited entrepreneurFor purposes of this subsection, the term “limited entrepreneur” means a person who—(A) has an interest in an enterprise other than as a limited partner, and (B) does not actively participate in the management of such enterprise. (l) Limitation on excess business losses of noncorporate taxpayers(1) LimitationIn the case of a taxpayer other than a corporation—(A) for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2017, and before January 1, 2027, subsection (j) (relating to limitation on excess farm losses of certain taxpayers) shall not apply, and (B) for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2020, and before January 1, 2027, any excess business loss of the taxpayer for the taxable year shall not be allowed. (2) Disallowed loss carryoverAny loss which is disallowed under paragraph (1) shall be treated as a net operating loss for the taxable year for purposes of determining any net operating loss carryover under section 172(b) for subsequent taxable years. (3) Excess business lossFor purposes of this subsection—(A) In generalThe term “excess business loss” means the excess (if any) of—(i) the aggregate deductions of the taxpayer for the taxable year which are attributable to trades or businesses of such taxpayer (determined without regard to whether or not such deductions are disallowed for such taxable year under paragraph (1) and without regard to any deduction allowable under section 172 or 199A), over (ii) the sum of—(I) the aggregate gross income or gain of such taxpayer for the taxable year which is attributable to such trades or businesses, plus (II) $250,000 (200 percent of such amount in the case of a joint return). Such excess shall be determined without regard to any deductions, gross income, or gains attributable to any trade or business of performing services as an employee. (B) Treatment of capital gains and losses(i) LossesDeductions for losses from sales or exchanges of capital assets shall not be taken into account under subparagraph (A)(i). (ii) GainsThe amount of gains from sales or exchanges of capital assets taken into account under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall not exceed the lesser of—(I) the capital gain net income determined by taking into account only gains and losses attributable to a trade or business, or (II) the capital gain net income. (C) Adjustment for inflationIn the case of any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2025, the $250,000 amount in subparagraph (A)(ii)(II) shall be increased by an amount equal to—(i) such dollar amount, multiplied by (ii) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, determined by substituting “2024” for “2016” in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof. If any amount as increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $1,000, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000. (4) Application of subsection in case of partnerships and S corporationsIn the case of a partnership or S corporation—(A) this subsection shall be applied at the partner or shareholder level, and (B) each partner’s or shareholder’s allocable share of the items of income, gain, deduction, or loss of the partnership or S corporation for any taxable year from trades or businesses attributable to the partnership or S corporation shall be taken into account by the partner or shareholder in applying this subsection to the taxable year of such partner or shareholder with or within which the taxable year of the partnership or S corporation ends. For purposes of this paragraph, in the case of an S corporation, an allocable share shall be the shareholder’s pro rata share of an item. (5) Additional reportingThe Secretary shall prescribe such additional reporting requirements as the Secretary determines necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection. (6) Coordination with section 469This subsection shall be applied after the application of section 469.

26 U.S.C. § 464 Limitations on deductions for certain farming expenses

(a) General ruleIn the case of any taxpayer to whom subsection (d) applies, a deduction (otherwise allowable under this chapter) for amounts paid for feed, seed, fertilizer, or other similar farm supplies shall only be allowed for the taxable year in which such feed, seed, fertilizer, or other supplies are actually used or consumed, or, if later, for the taxable year for which allowable as a deduction (determined without regard to this section). (b) Certain poultry expensesIn the case of any taxpayer to whom subsection (d) applies—(1) the cost of poultry (including egg-laying hens and baby chicks) purchased for use in a trade or business (or both for use in a trade or business and for sale) shall be capitalized and deducted ratably over the lesser of 12 months or their useful life in the trade or business, and (2) the cost of poultry purchased for sale shall be deducted for the taxable year in which the poultry is sold or otherwise disposed of. (c) ExceptionSubsection (a) shall not apply to any amount paid for supplies which are on hand at the close of the taxable year on account of fire, storm, or other casualty, or on account of disease or drought. (d) Certain persons prepaying 50 percent or more of certain farming expenses(1) Taxpayer to whom subsection appliesThis subsection applies to any taxpayer for any taxable year if such taxpayer—(A) does not use an accrual method of accounting, (B) has excess prepaid farm supplies for the taxable year, and (C) is not a qualified farm-related taxpayer. (2) Qualified farm-related taxpayer(A) In generalFor purposes of this subsection, the term “qualified farm-related taxpayer” means any farm-related taxpayer if—(i)(I) the aggregate prepaid farm supplies for the 3 taxable years preceding the taxable year are less than 50 percent of, (II) the aggregate deductible farming expenses (other than prepaid farm supplies) for such 3 taxable years, or (ii) the taxpayer has excess prepaid farm supplies for the taxable year by reason of any change in business operation directly attributable to extraordinary circumstances. (B) Farm-related taxpayerFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “farm-related taxpayer” means any taxpayer—(i) whose principal residence (within the meaning of section 121) is on a farm, (ii) who has a principal occupation of farming, or (iii) who is a member of the family (within the meaning of section 461(k)(2)(E)) of a taxpayer described in clause (i) or (ii). (3) DefinitionsFor purposes of this subsection—(A) Excess prepaid farm suppliesThe term “excess prepaid farm supplies” means the prepaid farm supplies for the taxable year to the extent the amount of such supplies exceeds 50 percent of the deductible farming expenses for the taxable year (other than prepaid farm supplies). (B) Prepaid farm suppliesThe term “prepaid farm supplies” means any amounts which are described in subsection (a) or (b) and would be allowable for a subsequent taxable year under the rules of subsections (a) and (b). (C) Deductible farming expensesThe term “deductible farming expenses” means any amount allowable as a deduction under this chapter (including any amount allowable as a deduction for depreciation or amortization) which is properly allocable to the trade or business of farming. (e) FarmingFor purposes of this section, the term “farming” means the cultivation of land or the raising or harvesting of any agricultural or horticultural commodity including the raising, shearing, feeding, caring for, training, and management of animals. For purposes of the preceding sentence, trees (other than trees bearing fruit or nuts) shall not be treated as an agricultural or horticultural commodity.

26 U.S.C. § 465 Deductions limited to amount at risk

(a) Limitation to amount at risk(1) In generalIn the case of—(A) an individual, and (B) a C corporation with respect to which the stock ownership requirement of paragraph (2) of section 542(a) is met, engaged in an activity to which this section applies, any loss from such activity for the taxable year shall be allowed only to the extent of the aggregate amount with respect to which the taxpayer is at risk (within the meaning of subsection (b)) for such activity at the close of the taxable year. (2) Deduction in succeeding yearAny loss from an activity to which this section applies not allowed under this section for the taxable year shall be treated as a deduction allocable to such activity in the first succeeding taxable year. (3) Special rules for applying paragraph (1)(B)For purposes of paragraph (1)(B)—(A) section 544(a)(2) shall be applied as if such section did not contain the phrase “or by or for his partner”; and (B) sections 544(a)(4)(A) and 544(b)(1) shall be applied by substituting “the corporation meet the stock ownership requirements of section 542(a)(2)” for “the corporation a personal holding company”. (b) Amounts considered at risk(1) In generalFor purposes of this section, a taxpayer shall be considered at risk for an activity with respect to amounts including—(A) the amount of money and the adjusted basis of other property contributed by the taxpayer to the activity, and (B) amounts borrowed with respect to such activity (as determined under paragraph (2)). (2) Borrowed amountsFor purposes of this section, a taxpayer shall be considered at risk with respect to amounts borrowed for use in an activity to the extent that he—(A) is personally liable for the repayment of such amounts, or (B) has pledged property, other than property used in such activity, as security for such borrowed amount (to the extent of the net fair market value of the taxpayer’s interest in such property). No property shall be taken into account as security if such property is directly or indirectly financed by indebtedness which is secured by property described in paragraph (1). (3) Certain borrowed amounts excluded(A) In generalExcept to the extent provided in regulations, for purposes of paragraph (1)(B), amounts borrowed shall not be considered to be at risk with respect to an activity if such amounts are borrowed from any person who has an interest in such activity or from a related person to a person (other than the taxpayer) having such an interest. (B) Exceptions(i) Interest as creditorSubparagraph (A) shall not apply to an interest as a creditor in the activity. (ii) Interest as shareholder with respect to amounts borrowed by corporationIn the case of amounts borrowed by a corporation from a shareholder, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to an interest as a shareholder. (C) Related personFor purposes of this subsection, a person (hereinafter in this paragraph referred to as the “related person”) is related to any person if—(i) the related person bears a relationship to such person specified in section 267(b) or section 707(b)(1), or (ii) the related person and such person are engaged in trades or business under common control (within the meaning of subsections (a) and (b) of section 52). For purposes of clause (i), in applying section 267(b) or 707(b)(1), “10 percent” shall be substituted for “50 percent”. (4) ExceptionNotwithstanding any other provision of this section, a taxpayer shall not be considered at risk with respect to amounts protected against loss through nonrecourse financing, guarantees, stop loss agreements, or other similar arrangements. (5) Amounts at risk in subsequent yearsIf in any taxable year the taxpayer has a loss from an activity to which subsection (a) applies, the amount with respect to which a taxpayer is considered to be at risk (within the meaning of subsection (b)) in subsequent taxable years with respect to that activity shall be reduced by that portion of the loss which (after the application of subsection (a)) is allowable as a deduction. (6) Qualified nonrecourse financing treated as amount at riskFor purposes of this section—(A) In generalNotwithstanding any other provision of this subsection, in the case of an activity of holding real property, a taxpayer shall be considered at risk with respect to the taxpayer’s share of any qualified nonrecourse financing which is secured by real property used in such activity. (B) Qualified nonrecourse financingFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified nonrecourse financing” means any financing—(i) which is borrowed by the taxpayer with respect to the activity of holding real property, (ii) which is borrowed by the taxpayer from a qualified person or represents a loan from any Federal, State, or local government or instrumentality thereof, or is guaranteed by any Federal, State, or local government, (iii) except to the extent provided in regulations, with respect to which no person is personally liable for repayment, and (iv) which is not convertible debt. (C) Special rule for partnershipsIn the case of a partnership, a partner’s share of any qualified nonrecourse financing of such partnership shall be determined on the basis of the partner’s share of liabilities of such partnership incurred in connection with such financing (within the meaning of section 752). (D) Qualified person definedFor purposes of this paragraph—(i) In generalThe term “qualified person” has the meaning given such term by section 49(a)(1)(D)(iv). (ii) Certain commercially reasonable financing from related personsFor purposes of clause (i), section 49(a)(1)(D)(iv) shall be applied without regard to subclause (I) thereof (relating to financing from related persons) if the financing from the related person is commercially reasonable and on substantially the same terms as loans involving unrelated persons. (E) Activity of holding real propertyFor purposes of this paragraph—(i) Incidental personal property and servicesThe activity of holding real property includes the holding of personal property and the providing of services which are incidental to making real property available as living accommodations. (ii) Mineral propertyThe activity of holding real property shall not include the holding of mineral property. (c) Activities to which section applies(1) Types of activitiesThis section applies to any taxpayer engaged in the activity of—(A) holding, producing, or distributing motion picture films or video tapes, (B) farming (as defined in section 464(e)), (C) leasing any section 1245 property (as defined in section 1245(a)(3)), (D) exploring for, or exploiting, oil and gas resources, or (E) exploring for, or exploiting, geothermal deposits (as defined in section 613(e)(2)) 11 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma. as a trade or business or for the production of income. (2) Separate activitiesFor purposes of this section—(A) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), a taxpayer’s activity with respect to each—(i) film or video tape, (ii) section 1245 property which is leased or held for leasing, (iii) farm, (iv) oil and gas property (as defined under section 614), or (v) geothermal property (as defined under section 614), shall be treated as a separate activity. (B) Aggregation rules(i) Special rule for leases of section 1245 property by partnerships or S corporationsIn the case of any partnership or S corporation, all activities with respect to section 1245 properties which—(I) are leased or held for lease, and (II) are placed in service in any taxable year of the partnership or S corporation, shall be treated as a single activity. (ii) Other aggregation rulesRules similar to the rules of subparagraphs (B) and (C) of paragraph (3) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph. (3) Extension to other activities(A) In generalThis section also applies to each activity—(i) engaged in by the taxpayer in carrying on a trade or business or for the production of income, and (ii) which is not described in paragraph (1). (B) Aggregation of activities where taxpayer actively participates in management of trade or businessExcept as provided in subparagraph (C), for purposes of this section, activities described in subparagraph (A) which constitute a trade or business shall be treated as one activity if—(i) the taxpayer actively participates in the management of such trade or business, or (ii) such trade or business is carried on by a partnership or an S corporation and 65 percent or more of the losses for the taxable year is allocable to persons who actively participate in the management of the trade or business. (C) Aggregation or separation of activities under regulationsThe Secretary shall prescribe regulations under which activities described in subparagraph (A) shall be aggregated or treated as separate activities. (D) Application of subsection (b)(3)In the case of an activity described in subparagraph (A), subsection (b)(3) shall apply only to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary. (4) Exclusion for certain equipment leasing by closely-held corporations(A) In generalIn the case of a corporation described in subsection (a)(1)(B) actively engaged in equipment leasing—(i) the activity of equipment leasing shall be treated as a separate activity, and (ii) subsection (a) shall not apply to losses from such activity. (B) 50-percent gross receipts testFor purposes of subparagraph (A), a corporation shall not be considered to be actively engaged in equipment leasing unless 50 percent or more of the gross receipts of the corporation for the taxable year is attributable, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, to equipment leasing. (C) Component members of controlled group treated as a single corporationFor purposes of subparagraph (A), the component members of a controlled group of corporations shall be treated as a single corporation. (5) Waiver of controlled group rule where there is substantial leasing activity(A) In generalIn the case of the component members of a qualified leasing group, paragraph (4) shall be applied—(i) by substituting “80 percent” for “50 percent” in subparagraph (B) thereof, and (ii) as if paragraph (4) did not include subparagraph (C) thereof. (B) Qualified leasing groupFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualified leasing group” means a controlled group of corporations which, for the taxable year and each of the 2 immediately preceding taxable years, satisfied each of the following 3 requirements:(i) At least 3 employeesDuring the entire year, the group had at least 3 full-time employees substantially all of the services of whom were services directly related to the equipment leasing activity of the qualified leasing members. (ii) At least 5 separate leasing transactionsDuring the year, the qualified leasing members in the aggregate entered into at least 5 separate equipment leasing transactions. (iii) At least $1,000,000 equipment leasing receiptsDuring the year, the qualified leasing members in the aggregate had at least $1,000,000 in gross receipts from equipment leasing. The term “qualified leasing group” does not include any controlled group of corporations to which, without regard to this paragraph, paragraph (4) applies. (C) Qualified leasing memberFor purposes of this paragraph, a corporation shall be treated as a qualified leasing member for the taxable year only if for each of the taxable years referred to in subparagraph (B)—(i) it is a component member of the controlled group of corporations, and (ii) it meets the requirements of paragraph (4)(B) (as modified by subparagraph (A)(i) of this paragraph). (6) Definitions relating to paragraphs (4) and (5)For purposes of paragraphs (4) and (5)—(A) Equipment leasingThe term “equipment leasing” means—(i) the leasing of equipment which is section 1245 property, and (ii) the purchasing, servicing, and selling of such equipment. (B) Leasing of master sound recordings, etc., excludedThe term “equipment leasing” does not include the leasing of master sound recordings, and other similar contractual arrangements with respect to tangible or intangible assets associated with literary, artistic, or musical properties. (C) Controlled group of corporations; component memberThe terms “controlled group of corporations” and “component member” have the same meanings as when used in section 1563. The determination of the taxable years taken into account with respect to any controlled group of corporations shall be made in a manner consistent with the manner set forth in section 1563. (7) Exclusion of active businesses of qualified C corporations(A) In generalIn the case of a taxpayer which is a qualified C corporation—(i) each qualifying business carried on by such taxpayer shall be treated as a separate activity, and (ii) subsection (a) shall not apply to losses from such business. (B) Qualified C corporationFor purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “qualified C corporation” means any corporation described in subparagraph (B) of subsection (a)(1) which is not—(i) a personal holding company (as defined in section 542(a)), or (ii) a personal service corporation (as defined in section 269A(b) but determined by substituting “5 percent” for “10 percent” in section 269A(b)(2)). (C) Qualifying businessFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “qualifying business” means any active business if—(i) during the entire 12-month period ending on the last day of the taxable year, such corporation had at least 1 full-time employee substantially all the services of whom were in the active management of such business, (ii) during the entire 12-month period ending on the last day of the taxable year, such corporation had at least 3 full-time, nonowner employees substantially all of the services of whom were services directly related to such business, (iii) the amount of the deductions attributable to such business which are allowable to the taxpayer solely by reason of sections 162 and 404 for the taxable year exceeds 15 percent of the gross income from such business for such year, and (iv) such business is not an excluded business. (D) Special rules for application of subparagraph (C)(i) Partnerships in which taxpayer is a qualified corporate partnerIn the case of an active business of a partnership, if—(I) the taxpayer is a qualified corporate partner in the partnership, and (II) during the entire 12-month period ending on the last day of the partnership’s taxable year, there was at least 1 full-time employee of the partnership (or of a qualified corporate partner) substantially all the services of whom were in the active management of such business, then the taxpayer’s proportionate share (determined on the basis of its profits interest) of the activities of the partnership in such business shall be treated as activities of the taxpayer (and clause (i) of subparagraph (C) shall not apply in determining whether such business is a qualifying business of the taxpayer). (ii) Qualified corporate partnerFor purposes of clause (i), the term “qualified corporate partner” means any corporation if—(I) such corporation is a general partner in the partnership, (II) such corporation has an interest of 10 percent or more in the profits and losses of the partnership, and (III) such corporation has contributed property to the partnership in an amount not less than the lesser of $500,000 or 10 percent of the net worth of the corporation. For purposes of subclause (III), any contribution of property other than money shall be taken into account at its fair market value. (iii) Deduction for owner employee compensation not taken into accountFor purposes of clause (iii) of subparagraph (C), there shall not be taken into account any deduction in respect of compensation for personal services rendered by any employee (other than a non-owner employee) of the taxpayer or any member of such employee’s family (within the meaning of section 318(a)(1)). (iv) Special rule for banksFor purposes of clause (iii) of subparagraph (C), in the case of a bank (as defined in section 581) or a financial institution to which section 591 applies—(I) gross income shall be determined without regard to the exclusion of interest from gross income under section 103, and (II) in addition to the deductions described in such clause, there shall also be taken into account the amount of the deductions which are allowable for amounts paid or credited to the accounts of depositors or holders of accounts as dividends or interest on their deposits or withdrawable accounts under section 163 or 591. (v) Special rule for life insurance companies(I) In generalClause (iii) of subparagraph (C) shall not apply to any insurance business of a qualified life insurance company. (II) Insurance businessFor purposes of subclause (I), the term “insurance business” means any business which is not a noninsurance business (within the meaning of section 453B(e)(3)). (III) Qualified life insurance companyFor purposes of subclause (I), the term “qualified life insurance company” means any company which would be a life insurance company as defined in section 816 if unearned premiums were not taken into account under subsections (a)(2) and (c)(2) of section 816. (E) DefinitionsFor purposes of this paragraph—(i) Non-owner employeeThe term “non-owner employee” means any employee who does not own, at any time during the taxable year, more than 5 percent in value of the outstanding stock of the taxpayer. For purposes of the preceding sentence, section 318 shall apply, except that “5 percent” shall be substituted for “50 percent” in section 318(a)(2)(C). (ii) Excluded businessThe term “excluded business” means—(I) equipment leasing (as defined in paragraph (6)), and (II) any business involving the use, exploitation, sale, lease, or other disposition of master sound recordings, motion picture films, video tapes, or tangible or intangible assets associated with literary, artistic, musical, or similar properties. (iii) Special rules relating to communications industry, etc.(I) Business not excluded where taxpayer not completely at riskA business involving the use, exploitation, sale, lease, or other disposition of property described in subclause (II) of clause (ii) shall not constitute an excluded business by reason of such subclause if the taxpayer is at risk with respect to all amounts paid or incurred (or chargeable to capital account) in such business. (II) Certain licensed businesses not excludedFor purposes of subclause (II) of clause (ii), the provision of radio, television, cable television, or similar services pursuant to a license or franchise granted by the Federal Communications Commission or any other Federal, State, or local authority shall not constitute an excluded business by reason of such subclause. (F) Affiliated group treated as 1 taxpayerFor purposes of this paragraph—(i) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (G), the component members of an affiliated group of corporations shall be treated as a single taxpayer. (ii) Affiliated group of corporationsThe term “affiliated group of corporations” means an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504(a)) which files or is required to file consolidated income tax returns. (iii) Component memberThe term “component member” means an includible corporation (as defined in section 1504) which is a member of the affiliated group. (G) Loss of 1 member of affiliated group may not offset income of personal holding company or personal service corporationNothing in this paragraph shall permit any loss of a member of an affiliated group to be used as an offset against the income of any other member of such group which is a personal holding company (as defined in section 542(a)) or a personal service corporation (as defined in section 269A(b) but determined by substituting “5 percent” for “10 percent” in section 269A(b)(2)). (d) Definition of lossFor purposes of this section, the term “loss” means the excess of the deductions allowable under this chapter for the taxable year (determined without regard to the first sentence of subsection (a)) and allocable to an activity to which this section applies over the income received or accrued by the taxpayer during the taxable year from such activity (determined without regard to subsection (e)(1)(A)). (e) Recapture of losses where amount at risk is less than zero(1) In generalIf zero exceeds the amount for which the taxpayer is at risk in any activity at the close of any taxable year—(A) the taxpayer shall include in his gross income for such taxable year (as income from such activity) an amount equal to such excess, and (B) an amount equal to the amount so included in gross income shall be treated as a deduction allocable to such activity for the first succeeding taxable year. (2) LimitationThe excess referred to in paragraph (1) shall not exceed—(A) the aggregate amount of the reductions required by subsection (b)(5) with respect to the activity by reason of losses for all prior taxable years beginning after December 31, 1978, reduced by (B) the amounts previously included in gross income with respect to such activity under this subsection.

26 U.S.C. § 467 Certain payments for the use of property or services

(a) Accrual method on present value basisIn the case of the lessor or lessee under any section 467 rental agreement, there shall be taken into account for purposes of this title for any taxable year the sum of—(1) the amount of the rent which accrues during such taxable year as determined under subsection (b), and (2) interest for the year on the amounts which were taken into account under this subsection for prior taxable years and which are unpaid. (b) Accrual of rental payments(1) Allocation follows agreementExcept as provided in paragraph (2), the determination of the amount of the rent under any section 467 rental agreement which accrues during any taxable year shall be made—(A) by allocating rents in accordance with the agreement, and (B) by taking into account any rent to be paid after the close of the period in an amount determined under regulations which shall be based on present value concepts. (2) Constant rental accrual in case of certain tax avoidance transactions, etc.In the case of any section 467 rental agreement to which this paragraph applies, the portion of the rent which accrues during any taxable year shall be that portion of the constant rental amount with respect to such agreement which is allocable to such taxable year. (3) Agreements to which paragraph (2) appliesParagraph (2) applies to any rental payment agreement if—(A) such agreement is a disqualified leaseback or long-term agreement, or (B) such agreement does not provide for the allocation referred to in paragraph (1)(A). (4) Disqualified leaseback or long-term agreementFor purposes of this subsection, the term “disqualified leaseback or long-term agreement” means any section 467 rental agreement if—(A) such agreement is part of a leaseback transaction or such agreement is for a term in excess of 75 percent of the statutory recovery period for the property, and (B) a principal purpose for providing increasing rents under the agreement is the avoidance of tax imposed by this subtitle. (5) Exceptions to disqualification in certain casesThe Secretary shall prescribe regulations setting forth circumstances under which agreements will not be treated as disqualified leaseback or long-term agreements, including circumstances relating to—(A) changes in amounts paid determined by reference to price indices, (B) rents based on a fixed percentage of lessee receipts or similar amounts, (C) reasonable rent holidays, or (D) changes in amounts paid to unrelated 3rd parties. (c) Recapture of prior understated inclusions under leaseback or long-term agreements(1) In generalIf—(A) the lessor under any section 467 rental agreement disposes of any property subject to such agreement during the term of such agreement, and (B) such agreement is a leaseback or long-term agreement to which paragraph (2) of subsection (b) did not apply, the recapture amount shall be treated as ordinary income. Such gain shall be recognized notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle. (2) Recapture amountFor purposes of paragraph (1), the term “recapture amount” means the lesser of—(A) the prior understated inclusions, or (B) the excess of the amount realized (or in the case of a disposition other than a sale, exchange, or involuntary conversion, the fair market value of the property) over the adjusted basis of such property. The amount determined under subparagraph (B) shall be reduced by the amount of any gain treated as ordinary income on the disposition under any other provision of this subtitle. (3) Prior understated inclusionsFor purposes of this subsection, the term “prior understated inclusion” means the excess (if any) of—(A) the amount which would have been taken into account by the lessor under subsection (a) for periods before the disposition if subsection (b)(2) had applied to the agreement, over (B) the amount taken into account under subsection (a) by the lessor for periods before the disposition. (4) Leaseback or long-term agreementFor purposes of this subsection, the term “leaseback or long-term agreement” means any agreement described in subsection (b)(4)(A). (5) Special rulesUnder regulations prescribed by the Secretary—(A) exceptions similar to the exceptions applicable under section 1245 or 1250 (whichever is appropriate) shall apply for purposes of this subsection, (B) any transferee in a disposition excepted by reason of subparagraph (A) who has a transferred basis in the property shall be treated in the same manner as the transferor, and (C) for purposes of sections 170(e) and 751(c), amounts treated as ordinary income under this section shall be treated in the same manner as amounts treated as ordinary income under section 1245 or 1250. (d) Section 467 rental agreements(1) In generalExcept as otherwise provided in this subsection, the term “section 467 rental agreements” means any rental agreement for the use of tangible property under which—(A) there is at least one amount allocable to the use of property during a calendar year which is to be paid after the close of the calendar year following the calendar year in which such use occurs, or (B) there are increases in the amount to be paid as rent under the agreement. (2) Section not to apply to agreements involving payments of $250,000 or lessThis section shall not apply to any amount to be paid for the use of property if the sum of the following amounts does not exceed $250,000—(A) the aggregate amount of payments received as consideration for such use of property, and (B) the aggregate value of any other consideration to be received for such use of property. For purposes of the preceding sentence, rules similar to the rules of clauses (ii) and (iii) of section 1274(c)(4)(C) shall apply. (e) DefinitionsFor purposes of this section—(1) Constant rental amountThe term “constant rental amount” means, with respect to any section 467 rental agreement, the amount which, if paid as of the close of each lease period under the agreement, would result in an aggregate present value equal to the present value of the aggregate payments required under the agreement. (2) Leaseback transactionA transaction is a leaseback transaction if it involves a leaseback to any person who had an interest in such property at any time within 2 years before such leaseback (or to a related person). (3) Statutory recovery period(A) In general In the case of:The statutory recoveryperiod is: 3-year property3 years 5-year property5 years 7-year property7 years 10-year property10 years 15-year and 20-year property15 years Residential rental property and nonresidential real property19 years Any railroad grading or tunnel bore50 years. (B) Special rule for property not depreciable under section 168In the case of property to which section 168 does not apply, subparagraph (A) shall be applied as if section 168 applies to such property. (4) Discount and interest rateFor purposes of computing present value and interest under subsection (a)(2), the rate used shall be equal to 110 percent of the applicable Federal rate determined under section 1274(d) (compounded semiannually) which is in effect at the time the agreement is entered into with respect to debt instruments having a maturity equal to the term of the agreement. (5) Related personThe term “related person” has the meaning given to such term by section 465(b)(3)(C). (6) Certain options of lessee to renew not taken into accountExcept as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, there shall not be taken into account in computing the term of any agreement for purposes of this section any extension which is solely at the option of the lessee. (f) Comparable rules where agreement for decreasing paymentsUnder regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules comparable to the rules of this section shall also apply in the case of any agreement where the amount paid under the agreement for the use of property decreases during the term of the agreement. (g) Comparable rules for servicesUnder regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules comparable to the rules of subsection (a)(2) shall also apply in the case of payments for services which meet requirements comparable to the requirements of subsection (d). The preceding sentence shall not apply to any amount to which section 404 or 404A (or any other provision specified in regulations) applies. (h) RegulationsThe Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations providing for the application of this section in the case of contingent payments.

26 U.S.C. § 468 Special rules for mining and solid waste reclamation and closing costs

(a) Establishment of reserves for reclamation and closing costs(1) Allowance of deductionIf a taxpayer elects the application of this section with respect to any mining or solid waste disposal property, the amount of any deduction for qualified reclamation or closing costs for any taxable year to which such election applies shall be equal to the current reclamation or closing costs allocable to—(A) in the case of qualified reclamation costs, the portion of the reserve property which was disturbed during such taxable year, and (B) in the case of qualified closing costs, the production from the reserve property during such taxable year. (2) Opening balance and adjustments to reserve(A) Opening balanceThe opening balance of any reserve for its first taxable year shall be zero. (B) Increase for interestA reserve shall be increased each taxable year by an amount equal to the amount of interest which would have been earned during such taxable year on the opening balance of such reserve for such taxable year if such interest were computed—(i) at the Federal short-term rate or rates (determined under section 1274) in effect, and (ii) by compounding semiannually. (C) Reserve to be charged for amounts paidAny amount paid by the taxpayer during any taxable year for qualified reclamation or closing costs allocable to portions of the reserve property for which the election under paragraph (1) was in effect shall be charged to the appropriate reserve as of the close of the taxable year. (D) Reserve increased by amount deductedA reserve shall be increased each taxable year by the amount allowable as a deduction under paragraph (1) for such taxable year which is allocable to such reserve. (3) Allowance of deduction for excess amounts paidThere shall be allowed as a deduction for any taxable year the excess of—(A) the amounts described in paragraph (2)(C) paid during such taxable year, over (B) the closing balance of the reserve for such taxable year (determined without regard to paragraph (2)(C)). (4) Limitation on balance as of the close of any taxable year(A) Reclamation reservesIn the case of any reserve for qualified reclamation costs, there shall be included in gross income for any taxable year an amount equal to the excess of—(i) the closing balance of the reserve for such taxable year, over (ii) the current reclamation costs of the taxpayer for all portions of the reserve property disturbed during any taxable year to which the election under paragraph (1) applies. (B) Closing costs reservesIn the case of any reserve for qualified closing costs, there shall be included in gross income for any taxable year an amount equal to the excess of—(i) the closing balance of the reserve for such taxable year, over (ii) the current closing cost of the taxpayer with respect to the reserve property, determined as if all production with respect to the reserve property for any taxable year to which the election under paragraph (1) applies had occurred in such taxable year. (C) Order of applicationThis paragraph shall be applied after all adjustments to the reserve have been made for the taxable year. (5) Income inclusions on completion or dispositionProper inclusion in income shall be made upon—(A) the revocation of an election under paragraph (1), or (B) completion of the closing, or disposition of any portion, of a reserve property. (b) Allocation for property where election not in effect for all taxable yearsIf the election under subsection (a)(1) is not in effect for 1 or more taxable years in which the reserved property is disturbed (or production occurs), items with respect to the reserve property shall be allocated to the reserve in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations. (c) Revocation of election; separate reserves(1) Revocation of election(A) In generalThe taxpayer may revoke an election under subsection (a)(1) with respect to any property. Such revocation, once made, shall be irrevocable. (B) Time and manner of revocationAny revocation under subparagraph (A) shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe. (2) Separate reserves requiredIf a taxpayer makes an election under subsection (a)(1), the taxpayer shall establish with respect to the property for which the election was made—(A) a separate reserve for qualified reclamation costs, and (B) a separate reserve for qualified closing costs. (d) Definitions and special rules relating to reclamation and closing costsFor purposes of this section—(1) Current reclamation and closing costs(A) Current reclamation costsThe term “current reclamation costs” means the amount which the taxpayer would be required to pay for qualified reclamation costs if the reclamation activities were performed currently. (B) Current closing costs(i) In generalThe term “current closing costs” means the amount which the taxpayer would be required to pay for qualified closing costs if the closing activities were performed currently. (ii) Costs computed on unit-of-production or capacity methodEstimated closing costs shall—(I) in the case of the closing of any mine site, be computed on the unit-of-production method of accounting, and (II) in the case of the closing of any solid waste disposal site, be computed on the unit-of-capacity method. (2) Qualified reclamation or closing costsThe term “qualified reclamation or closing costs” means any of the following expenses:(A) Mining reclamation and closing costsAny expenses incurred for any land reclamation or closing activity which is conducted in accordance with a reclamation plan (including an amendment or modification thereof)—(i) which—(I) is submitted pursuant to the provisions of section 511 or 528 of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (as in effect on January 1, 1984), and (II) is part of a surface mining and reclamation permit granted under the provisions of title V of such Act (as so in effect), or (ii) which is submitted pursuant to any other Federal or State law which imposes surface mining reclamation and permit requirements substantially similar to the requirements imposed by title V of such Act (as so in effect). (B) Solid waste disposal and closing costs(i) In generalAny expenses incurred for any land reclamation or closing activity in connection with any solid waste disposal site which is conducted in accordance with any permit issued pursuant to—(I) any provision of the Solid Waste Disposal Act (as in effect on January 1, 1984) requiring such activity, or (II) any other Federal, State, or local law which imposes requirements substantially similar to the requirements imposed by the Solid Waste Disposal Act (as so in effect). (ii) Exception for certain hazardous waste sitesClause (i) shall not apply to that portion of any property which is disturbed after the property is listed in the national contingency plan established under section 105 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980. (3) PropertyThe term “property” has the meaning given such term by section 614. (4) Reserve propertyThe term “reserve property” means any property with respect to which a reserve is established under subsection (a)(1).

26 U.S.C. § 468A Special rules for nuclear decommissioning costs

(a) In generalIf the taxpayer elects the application of this section, there shall be allowed as a deduction for any taxable year the amount of payments made by the taxpayer to a Nuclear Decommissioning Reserve Fund (hereinafter referred to as the “Fund”) during such taxable year. (b) Limitation on amounts paid into FundThe amount which a taxpayer may pay into the Fund for any taxable year shall not exceed the ruling amount applicable to such taxable year. (c) Income and deductions of the taxpayer(1) Inclusion of amounts distributedThere shall be includible in the gross income of the taxpayer for any taxable year—(A) any amount distributed from the Fund during such taxable year, other than any amount distributed to pay costs described in subsection (e)(4)(B), and (B) except to the extent provided in regulations, amounts properly includible in gross income in the case of any deemed distribution under subsection (e)(6), any termination under subsection (e)(7), or the disposition of any interest in the nuclear powerplant. (2) Deduction when economic performance occursIn addition to any deduction under subsection (a), there shall be allowable as a deduction for any taxable year the amount of the nuclear decommissioning costs with respect to which economic performance (within the meaning of section 461(h)(2)) occurs during such taxable year. (d) Ruling amountFor purposes of this section—(1) Request requiredNo deduction shall be allowed for any payment to the Fund unless the taxpayer requests, and receives, from the Secretary a schedule of ruling amounts. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the taxpayer shall request a schedule of ruling amounts upon each renewal of the operating license of the nuclear powerplant. (2) Ruling amountThe term “ruling amount” means, with respect to any taxable year, the amount which the Secretary determines under paragraph (1) to be necessary to—(A) fund the total nuclear decommissioning costs with respect to such power plant over the estimated useful life of such power plant, and (B) prevent any excessive funding of such costs or the funding of such costs at a rate more rapid than level funding, taking into account such discount rates as the Secretary deems appropriate. (3) Review of amountThe Secretary shall at least once during the useful life of the nuclear powerplant (or, more frequently, upon the request of the taxpayer) review, and revise if necessary, the schedule of ruling amounts determined under paragraph (1). (e) Nuclear Decommissioning Reserve Fund(1) In generalEach taxpayer who elects the application of this section shall establish a Nuclear Decommissioning Reserve Fund with respect to each nuclear powerplant to which such election applies. (2) Taxation of Fund(A) In generalThere is hereby imposed on the gross income of the Fund for any taxable year a tax at the rate of 20 percent, except that—(i) there shall not be included in the gross income of the Fund any payment to the Fund with respect to which a deduction is allowable under subsection (a), and (ii) there shall be allowed as a deduction to the Fund any amount paid by the Fund which is described in paragraph (4)(B) (other than an amount paid to the taxpayer) and which would be deductible under this chapter for purposes of determining the taxable income of a corporation. (B) Tax in lieu of other taxationThe tax imposed by subparagraph (A) shall be in lieu of any other taxation under this subtitle of the income from assets in the Fund. (C) Fund treated as corporationFor purposes of subtitle F—(i) the Fund shall be treated as if it were a corporation, and (ii) any tax imposed by this paragraph shall be treated as a tax imposed by section 11. (3) Contributions to FundExcept as provided in subsection (f), the Fund shall not accept any payments (or other amounts) other than payments with respect to which a deduction is allowable under subsection (a). (4) Use of FundThe Fund shall be used exclusively for—(A) satisfying, in whole or in part, any liability of any person contributing to the Fund for the decommissioning of a nuclear powerplant (or unit thereof), (B) to pay administrative costs (including taxes) and other incidental expenses of the Fund (including legal, accounting, actuarial, and trustee expenses) in connection with the operation of the Fund, and (C) to the extent that a portion of the Fund is not currently needed for purposes described in subparagraph (A) or (B), making investments. (5) Prohibitions against self-dealingUnder regulations prescribed by the Secretary, for purposes of section 4951 (and so much of this title as relates to such section), the Fund shall be treated in the same manner as a trust described in section 501(c)(21). (6) Disqualification of FundIn any case in which the Fund violates any provision of this section or section 4951, the Secretary may disqualify such Fund from the application of this section. In any case to which this paragraph applies, the Fund shall be treated as having distributed all of its funds on the date such determination takes effect. (7) Termination upon completionUpon substantial completion of the nuclear decommissioning of the nuclear powerplant with respect to which a Fund relates, the taxpayer shall terminate such Fund. (f) Transfers into qualified funds(1) In generalNotwithstanding subsection (b), any taxpayer maintaining a Fund to which this section applies with respect to a nuclear power plant may transfer into such Fund not more than an amount equal to the present value of the portion of the total nuclear decommissioning costs with respect to such nuclear power plant previously excluded for such nuclear power plant under subsection (d)(2)(A) as in effect immediately before the date of the enactment of this subsection. (2) Deduction for amounts transferred(A) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (C), the deduction allowed by subsection (a) for any transfer permitted by this subsection shall be allowed ratably over the remaining estimated useful life (within the meaning of subsection (d)(2)(A)) of the nuclear power plant beginning with the taxable year during which the transfer is made. (B) Denial of deduction for previously deducted amountsNo deduction shall be allowed for any transfer under this subsection of an amount for which a deduction was previously allowed to the taxpayer (or a predecessor) or a corresponding amount was not included in gross income of the taxpayer (or a predecessor). For purposes of the preceding sentence, a ratable portion of each transfer shall be treated as being from previously deducted or excluded amounts to the extent thereof. (C) Transfers of qualified fundsIf—(i) any transfer permitted by this subsection is made to any Fund to which this section applies, and (ii) such Fund is transferred thereafter, any deduction under this subsection for taxable years ending after the date that such Fund is transferred shall be allowed to the transferor for the taxable year which includes such date. (D) Special rules(i) Gain or loss not recognized on transfers to FundNo gain or loss shall be recognized on any transfer described in paragraph (1). (ii) Transfers of appreciated property to FundIf appreciated property is transferred in a transfer described in paragraph (1), the amount of the deduction shall not exceed the adjusted basis of such property. (3) New ruling amount requiredParagraph (1) shall not apply to any transfer unless the taxpayer requests from the Secretary a new schedule of ruling amounts in connection with such transfer. (4) No basis in qualified fundsNotwithstanding any other provision of law, the taxpayer’s basis in any Fund to which this section applies shall not be increased by reason of any transfer permitted by this subsection. (g) Nuclear powerplantFor purposes of this section, the term “nuclear powerplant” includes any unit thereof. (h) Time when payments deemed madeFor purposes of this section, a taxpayer shall be deemed to have made a payment to the Fund on the last day of a taxable year if such payment is made on account of such taxable year and is made within 2½ months after the close of such taxable year.

26 U.S.C. § 468B Special rules for designated settlement funds

(a) In generalFor purposes of section 461(h), economic performance shall be deemed to occur as qualified payments are made by the taxpayer to a designated settlement fund. (b) Taxation of designated settlement fund(1) In generalThere is imposed on the gross income of any designated settlement fund for any taxable year a tax at a rate equal to the maximum rate in effect for such taxable year under section 1(e). (2) Certain expenses allowedFor purposes of paragraph (1), gross income for any taxable year shall be reduced by the amount of any administrative costs (including State and local taxes) and other incidental expenses of the designated settlement fund (including legal, accounting, and actuarial expenses)—(A) which are incurred in connection with the operation of the fund, and (B) which would be deductible under this chapter for purposes of determining the taxable income of a corporation. No other deduction shall be allowed to the fund. (3) Transfers to the fundIn the case of any qualified payment made to the fund—(A) the amount of such payment shall not be treated as income of the designated settlement fund, (B) the basis of the fund in any property which constitutes a qualified payment shall be equal to the fair market value of such property at the time of payment, and (C) the fund shall be treated as the owner of the property in the fund (and any earnings thereon). (4) Tax in lieu of other taxationThe tax imposed by paragraph (1) shall be in lieu of any other taxation under this subtitle of income from assets in the designated settlement fund. (5) Coordination with subtitle FFor purposes of subtitle F—(A) a designated settlement fund shall be treated as a corporation, and (B) any tax imposed by this subsection shall be treated as a tax imposed by section 11. (c) Deductions not allowed for transfer of insurance amountsNo deduction shall be allowable for any qualified payment by the taxpayer of any amounts received from the settlement of any insurance claim to the extent such amounts are excluded from the gross income of the taxpayer. (d) DefinitionsFor purposes of this section—(1) Qualified paymentThe term “qualified payment” means any money or property which is transferred to any designated settlement fund pursuant to a court order, other than—(A) any amount which may be transferred from the fund to the taxpayer (or any related person), or (B) the transfer of any stock or indebtedness of the taxpayer (or any related person). (2) Designated settlement fundThe term “designated settlement fund” means any fund—(A) which is established pursuant to a court order and which extinguishes completely the taxpayer’s tort liability with respect to claims described in subparagraph (D), (B) with respect to which no amounts may be transferred other than in the form of qualified payments, (C) which is administered by persons a majority of whom are independent of the taxpayer, (D) which is established for the principal purpose of resolving and satisfying present and future claims against the taxpayer (or any related person or formerly related person) arising out of personal injury, death, or property damage, (E) under the terms of which the taxpayer (or any related person) may not hold any beneficial interest in the income or corpus of the fund, and (F) with respect to which an election is made under this section by the taxpayer. An election under this section shall be made at such time and in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulation prescribe. Such an election, once made, may be revoked only with the consent of the Secretary. (3) Related personThe term “related person” means a person related to the taxpayer within the meaning of section 267(b). (e) Nonapplicability of sectionThis section (other than subsection (g)) shall not apply with respect to any liability of the taxpayer arising under any workers’ compensation Act or any contested liability of the taxpayer within the meaning of section 461(f). (f) Other fundsExcept as provided in regulations, any payment in respect of a liability described in subsection (d)(2)(D) (and not described in subsection (e)) to a trust fund or escrow fund which is not a designated settlement fund shall not be treated as constituting economic performance. (g) Clarification of taxation of certain funds(1) In generalExcept as provided in paragraph (2), nothing in any provision of law shall be construed as providing that an escrow account, settlement fund, or similar fund is not subject to current income tax. The Secretary shall prescribe regulations providing for the taxation of any such account or fund whether as a grantor trust or otherwise. (2) Exemption from tax for certain settlement fundsAn escrow account, settlement fund, or similar fund shall be treated as beneficially owned by the United States and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle if—(A) it is established pursuant to a consent decree entered by a judge of a United States District Court, (B) it is created for the receipt of settlement payments as directed by a government entity for the sole purpose of resolving or satisfying one or more claims asserting liability under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, (C) the authority and control over the expenditure of funds therein (including the expenditure of contributions thereto and any net earnings thereon) is with such government entity, and (D) upon termination, any remaining funds will be disbursed to such government entity for use in accordance with applicable law. For purposes of this paragraph, the term “government entity” means the United States, any State or political subdivision thereof, the District of Columbia, any possession of the United States, and any agency or instrumentality of any of the foregoing.

26 U.S.C. § 469 Passive activity losses and credits limited

(a) Disallowance(1) In generalIf for any taxable year the taxpayer is described in paragraph (2), neither—(A) the passive activity loss, nor (B) the passive activity credit, for the taxable year shall be allowed. (2) Persons describedThe following are described in this paragraph:(A) any individual, estate, or trust, (B) any closely held C corporation, and (C) any personal service corporation. (b) Disallowed loss or credit carried to next yearExcept as otherwise provided in this section, any loss or credit from an activity which is disallowed under subsection (a) shall be treated as a deduction or credit allocable to such activity in the next taxable year. (c) Passive activity definedFor purposes of this section—(1) In generalThe term “passive activity” means any activity—(A) which involves the conduct of any trade or business, and (B) in which the taxpayer does not materially participate. (2) Passive activity includes any rental activityExcept as provided in paragraph (7), the term “passive activity” includes any rental activity. (3) Working interests in oil and gas property(A) In generalThe term “passive activity” shall not include any working interest in any oil or gas property which the taxpayer holds directly or through an entity which does not limit the liability of the taxpayer with respect to such interest. (B) Income in subsequent yearsIf any taxpayer has any loss for any taxable year from a working interest in any oil or gas property which is treated as a loss which is not from a passive activity, then any net income from such property (or any property the basis of which is determined in whole or in part by reference to the basis of such property) for any succeeding taxable year shall be treated as income of the taxpayer which is not from a passive activity. If the preceding sentence applies to the net income from any property for any taxable year, any credits allowable under subpart B (other than section 27) or D of part IV of subchapter A for such taxable year which are attributable to such property shall be treated as credits not from a passive activity to the extent the amount of such credits does not exceed the regular tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year which is allocable to such net income. (4) Material participation not required for paragraphs (2) and (3)Paragraphs (2) and (3) shall be applied without regard to whether or not the taxpayer materially participates in the activity. (5) Trade or business includes research and experimentation activityFor purposes of paragraph (1)(A), the term “trade or business” includes any activity involving research or experimentation (within the meaning of section 174). (6) Activity in connection with trade or business or production of incomeTo the extent provided in regulations, for purposes of paragraph (1)(A), the term “trade or business” includes—(A) any activity in connection with a trade or business, or (B) any activity with respect to which expenses are allowable as a deduction under section 212. (7) Special rules for taxpayers in real property business(A) In generalIf this paragraph applies to any taxpayer for a taxable year—(i) paragraph (2) shall not apply to any rental real estate activity of such taxpayer for such taxable year, and (ii) this section shall be applied as if each interest of the taxpayer in rental real estate were a separate activity. Notwithstanding clause (ii), a taxpayer may elect to treat all interests in rental real estate as one activity. Nothing in the preceding provisions of this subparagraph shall be construed as affecting the determination of whether the taxpayer materially participates with respect to any interest in a limited partnership as a limited partner. (B) Taxpayers to whom paragraph appliesThis paragraph shall apply to a taxpayer for a taxable year if—(i) more than one-half of the personal services performed in trades or businesses by the taxpayer during such taxable year are performed in real property trades or businesses in which the taxpayer materially participates, and (ii) such taxpayer performs more than 750 hours of services during the taxable year in real property trades or businesses in which the taxpayer materially participates. In the case of a joint return, the requirements of the preceding sentence are satisfied if and only if either spouse separately satisfies such requirements. For purposes of the preceding sentence, activities in which a spouse materially participates shall be determined under subsection (h). (C) Real property trade or businessFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “real property trade or business” means any real property development, redevelopment, construction, reconstruction, acquisition, conversion, rental, operation, management, leasing, or brokerage trade or business. (D) Special rules for subparagraph (B)(i) Closely held C corporationsIn the case of a closely held C corporation, the requirements of subparagraph (B) shall be treated as met for any taxable year if more than 50 percent of the gross receipts of such corporation for such taxable year are derived from real property trades or businesses in which the corporation materially participates. (ii) Personal services as an employeeFor purposes of subparagraph (B), personal services performed as an employee shall not be treated as performed in real property trades or businesses. The preceding sentence shall not apply if such employee is a 5-percent owner (as defined in section 416(i)(1)(B)) in the employer. (d) Passive activity loss and credit definedFor purposes of this section—(1) Passive activity lossThe term “passive activity loss” means the amount (if any) by which—(A) the aggregate losses from all passive activities for the taxable year, exceed (B) the aggregate income from all passive activities for such year. (2) Passive activity creditThe term “passive activity credit” means the amount (if any) by which—(A) the sum of the credits from all passive activities allowable for the taxable year under—(i) subpart D of part IV of subchapter A, or (ii) subpart B (other than section 27) of such part IV, exceeds (B) the regular tax liability of the taxpayer for the taxable year allocable to all passive activities. (e) Special rules for determining income or loss from a passive activityFor purposes of this section—(1) Certain income not treated as income from passive activityIn determining the income or loss from any activity—(A) In generalThere shall not be taken into account—(i) any—(I) gross income from interest, dividends, annuities, or royalties not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business, (II) expenses (other than interest) which are clearly and directly allocable to such gross income, and (III) interest expense properly allocable to such gross income, and (ii) gain or loss not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business which is attributable to the disposition of property—(I) producing income of a type described in clause (i), or (II) held for investment. For purposes of clause (ii), any interest in a passive activity shall not be treated as property held for investment. (B) Return on working capitalFor purposes of subparagraph (A), any income, gain, or loss which is attributable to an investment of working capital shall be treated as not derived in the ordinary course of a trade or business. (2) Passive losses of certain closely held corporations may offset active income(A) In generalIf a closely held C corporation (other than a personal service corporation) has net active income for any taxable year, the passive activity loss of such taxpayer for such taxable year (determined without regard to this paragraph)—(i) shall be allowable as a deduction against net active income, and (ii) shall not be taken into account under subsection (a) to the extent so allowable as a deduction. A similar rule shall apply in the case of any passive activity credit of the taxpayer. (B) Net active incomeFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “net active income” means the taxable income of the taxpayer for the taxable year determined without regard to—(i) any income or loss from a passive activity, and (ii) any item of gross income, expense, gain, or loss described in paragraph (1)(A). (3) Compensation for personal servicesEarned income (within the meaning of section 911(d)(2)(A)) shall not be taken into account in computing the income or loss from a passive activity for any taxable year. (4) Dividends reduced by dividends received deductionFor purposes of paragraphs (1) and (2), income from dividends shall be reduced by the amount of any dividends received deduction under section 243 or 245. (f) Treatment of former passive activitiesFor purposes of this section—(1) In generalIf an activity is a former passive activity for any taxable year—(A) any unused deduction allocable to such activity under subsection (b) shall be offset against the income from such activity for the taxable year, (B) any unused credit allocable to such activity under subsection (b) shall be offset against the regular tax liability (computed after the application of paragraph (1)) allocable to such activity for the taxable year, and (C) any such deduction or credit remaining after the application of subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall continue to be treated as arising from a passive activity. (2) Change in status of closely held C corporation or personal service corporationIf a taxpayer ceases for any taxable year to be a closely held C corporation or personal service corporation, this section shall continue to apply to losses and credits to which this section applied for any preceding taxable year in the same manner as if such taxpayer continued to be a closely held C corporation or personal service corporation, whichever is applicable. (3) Former passive activityThe term “former passive activity” means any activity which, with respect to the taxpayer—(A) is not a passive activity for the taxable year, but (B) was a passive activity for any prior taxable year. (g) Dispositions of entire interest in passive activityIf during the taxable year a taxpayer disposes of his entire interest in any passive activity (or former passive activity), the following rules shall apply:(1) Fully taxable transaction(A) In generalIf all gain or loss realized on such disposition is recognized, the excess of—(i) any loss from such activity for such taxable year (determined after the application of subsection (b)), over (ii) any net income or gain for such taxable year from all other passive activities (determined after the application of subsection (b)), shall be treated as a loss which is not from a passive activity. (B) Subparagraph (A) not to apply to disposition involving related partyIf the taxpayer and the person acquiring the interest bear a relationship to each other described in section 267(b) or section 707(b)(1), then subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any loss of the taxpayer until the taxable year in which such interest is acquired (in a transaction described in subparagraph (A)) by another person who does not bear such a relationship to the tax­payer. (C) Income from prior yearsTo the extent provided in regulations, income or gain from the activity for preceding taxable years shall be taken into account under subparagraph (A)(ii) for the taxable year to the extent necessary to prevent the avoidance of this section. (2) Disposition by deathIf an interest in the activity is transferred by reason of the death of the taxpayer—(A) paragraph (1)(A) shall apply to losses described in paragraph (1)(A) to the extent such losses are greater than the excess (if any) of—(i) the basis of such property in the hands of the transferee, over (ii) the adjusted basis of such property immediately before the death of the taxpayer, and (B) any losses to the extent of the excess described in subparagraph (A) shall not be allowed as a deduction for any taxable year. (3) Installment sale of entire interestIn the case of an installment sale of an entire interest in an activity to which section 453 applies, paragraph (1) shall apply to the portion of such losses for each taxable year which bears the same ratio to all such losses as the gain recognized on such sale during such taxable year bears to the gross profit from such sale (realized or to be realized when payment is completed). (h) Material participation definedFor purposes of this section—(1) In generalA taxpayer shall be treated as materially participating in an activity only if the taxpayer is involved in the operations of the activity on a basis which is—(A) regular, (B) continuous, and (C) substantial. (2) Interests in limited partnershipsExcept as provided in regulations, no interest in a limited partnership as a limited partner shall be treated as an interest with respect to which a taxpayer materially participates. (3) Treatment of certain retired individuals and surviving spousesA taxpayer shall be treated as materially participating in any farming activity for a taxable year if paragraph (4) or (5) of section 2032A(b) would cause the requirements of section 2032A(b)(1)(C)(ii) to be met with respect to real property used in such activity if such taxpayer had died during the taxable year. (4) Certain closely held C corporations and personal service corporationsA closely held C corporation or personal service corporation shall be treated as materially participating in an activity only if—(A) 1 or more shareholders holding stock representing more than 50 percent (by value) of the outstanding stock of such corporation materially participate in such activity, or (B) in the case of a closely held C corporation (other than a personal service corporation), the requirements of section 465(c)(7)(C) (without regard to clause (iv)) are met with respect to such activity. (5) Participation by spouseIn determining whether a taxpayer materially participates, the participation of the spouse of the taxpayer shall be taken into account. (i) $25,000 offset for rental real estate activities(1) In generalIn the case of any natural person, subsection (a) shall not apply to that portion of the passive activity loss or the deduction equivalent (within the meaning of subsection (j)(5)) of the passive activity credit for any taxable year which is attributable to all rental real estate activities with respect to which such individual actively participated in such taxable year (and if any portion of such loss or credit arose in another taxable year, in such other taxable year). (2) Dollar limitationThe aggregate amount to which paragraph (1) applies for any taxable year shall not exceed $25,000. (3) Phase-out of exemption(A) In generalIn the case of any taxpayer, the $25,000 amount under paragraph (2) shall be reduced (but not below zero) by 50 percent of the amount by which the adjusted gross income of the taxpayer for the taxable year exceeds $100,000. (B) Special phase-out of rehabilitation creditIn the case of any portion of the passive activity credit for any taxable year which is attributable to the rehabilitation credit determined under section 47, subparagraph (A) shall be applied by substituting “$200,000” for “$100,000”. (C) Exception for low-income housing creditSubparagraph (A) shall not apply to any portion of the passive activity credit for any taxable year which is attributable to any credit determined under section 42. (D) Ordering ruleParagraph (1) shall be applied for any taxable year—(i) first, to the passive activity loss, (ii) second, to the portion of the passive activity credit to which subparagraph (B) and 11 So in original. Probably should be “or”. (C) does not apply, (iii) third, to the portion of such credit to which subparagraph (B) applies, and (iv) then, to the portion of such credit to which subparagraph (C) applies. (E) Adjusted gross incomeFor purposes of this paragraph, adjusted gross income shall be determined without regard to—(i) any amount includible in gross income under section 86, (ii) the amounts excludable from gross income under sections 85(c), 135, and 137, (iii) the amounts allowable as a deduction under sections 219, 221, and 250, and (iv) any passive activity loss or any loss allowable by reason of subsection (c)(7). (4) Special rule for estates(A) In generalIn the case of taxable years of an estate ending less than 2 years after the date of the death of the decedent, this subsection shall apply to all rental real estate activities with respect to which such decedent actively participated before his death. (B) Reduction for surviving spouse’s exemptionFor purposes of subparagraph (A), the $25,000 amount under paragraph (2) shall be reduced by the amount of the exemption under paragraph (1) (without regard to paragraph (3)) allowable to the surviving spouse of the decedent for the taxable year ending with or within the taxable year of the estate. (5) Married individuals filing separately(A) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), in the case of any married individual filing a separate return, this subsection shall be applied by substituting—(i) “$12,500” for “$25,000” each place it appears, (ii) “$50,000” for “$100,000” in paragraph (3)(A), and (iii) “$100,000” for “$200,000” in paragraph (3)(B). (B) Taxpayers not living apartThis subsection shall not apply to a taxpayer who—(i) is a married individual filing a separate return for any taxable year, and (ii) does not live apart from his spouse at all times during such taxable year. (6) Active participation(A) In generalAn individual shall not be treated as actively participating with respect to any interest in any rental real estate activity for any period if, at any time during such period, such interest (including any interest of the spouse of the individual) is less than 10 percent (by value) of all interests in such activity. (B) No participation requirement for low-income housing or rehabilitation creditParagraphs (1) and (4)(A) shall be applied without regard to the active participation requirement in the case of—(i) any credit determined under section 42 for any taxable year, or (ii) any rehabilitation credit determined under section 47,22 So in original. The comma probably should be a period. (C) Interest as a limited partnerExcept as provided in regulations, no interest as a limited partner in a limited partnership shall be treated as an interest with respect to which the taxpayer actively participates. (D) Participation by spouseIn determining whether a taxpayer actively participates, the participation of the spouse of the taxpayer shall be taken into account. (j) Other definitions and special rulesFor purposes of this section—(1) Closely held C corporationThe term “closely held C corporation” means any C corporation described in section 465(a)(1)(B). (2) Personal service corporationThe term “personal service corporation” has the meaning given such term by section 269A(b)(1), except that section 269A(b)(2) shall be applied—(A) by substituting “any” for “more than 10 percent”, and (B) by substituting “any” for “50 percent or more in value” in section 318(a)(2)(C). A corporation shall not be treated as a personal service corporation unless more than 10 percent of the stock (by value) in such corporation is held by employee-owners (within the meaning of section 269A(b)(2), as modified by the preceding sentence). (3) Regular tax liabilityThe term “regular tax liability” has the meaning given such term by section 26(b). (4) Allocation of passive activity loss and creditThe passive activity loss and the passive activity credit (and the $25,000 amount under subsection (i)) shall be allocated to activities, and within activities, on a pro rata basis in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe. (5) Deduction equivalentThe deduction equivalent of credits from a passive activity for any taxable year is the amount which (if allowed as a deduction) would reduce the regular tax liability for such taxable year by an amount equal to such credits. (6) Special rule for giftsIn the case of a disposition of any interest in a passive activity by gift—(A) the basis of such interest immediately before the transfer shall be increased by the amount of any passive activity losses allocable to such interest with respect to which a deduction has not been allowed by reason of subsection (a), and (B) such losses shall not be allowable as a deduction for any taxable year. (7) Qualified residence interestThe passive activity loss of a taxpayer shall be computed without regard to qualified residence interest (within the meaning of section 163(h)(3)). (8) Rental activityThe term “rental activity” means any activity where payments are principally for the use of tangible property. (9) Election to increase basis of property by amount of disallowed creditFor purposes of determining gain or loss from a disposition of any property to which subsection (g)(1) applies, the transferor may elect to increase the basis of such property immediately before the transfer by an amount equal to the portion of any unused credit allowable under this chapter which reduced the basis of such property for the taxable year in which such credit arose. If the taxpayer elects the application of this paragraph, such portion of the passive activity credit of such taxpayer shall not be allowed for any taxable year. (10) Coordination with section 280AIf a passive activity involves the use of a dwelling unit to which section 280A(c)(5) applies for any taxable year, any income, deduction, gain, or loss allocable to such use shall not be taken into account for purposes of this section for such taxable year. (11) Aggregation of members of affiliated groupsExcept as provided in regulations, all members of an affiliated group which files a consolidated return shall be treated as 1 corporation. (12) Special rule for distributions by estates or trustsIf any interest in a passive activity is distributed by an estate or trust—(A) the basis of such interest immediately before such distribution shall be increased by the amount of any passive activity losses allocable to such interest, and (B) such losses shall not be allowable as a deduction for any taxable year. (k) Separate application of section in case of publicly traded partnerships(1) In generalThis section shall be applied separately with respect to items attributable to each publicly traded partnership (and subsection (i) shall not apply with respect to items attributable to any such partnership). The preceding sentence shall not apply to any credit determined under section 42, or any rehabilitation credit determined under section 47, attributable to a publicly traded partnership to the extent the amount of any such credits exceeds the regular tax liability attributable to income from such partnership. (2) Publicly traded partnershipFor purposes of this section, the term “publicly traded partnership” means any partnership if—(A) interests in such partnership are traded on an established securities market, or (B) interests in such partnership are readily tradable on a secondary market (or the substantial equivalent thereof). (3) Coordination with subsection (g)For purposes of subsection (g), a taxpayer shall not be treated as having disposed of his entire interest in an activity of a publicly traded partnership until he disposes of his entire interest in such partnership. (4) Application to regulated investment companiesFor purposes of this section, a regulated investment company (as defined in section 851) holding an interest in a qualified publicly traded partnership (as defined in section 851(h)) shall be treated as a taxpayer described in subsection (a)(2) with respect to items attributable to such interest. (l) RegulationsThe Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out provisions of this section, including regulations—(1) which specify what constitutes an activity, material participation, or active participation for purposes of this section, (2) which provide that certain items of gross income will not be taken into account in determining income or loss from any activity (and the treatment of expenses allocable to such income), (3) requiring net income or gain from a limited partnership or other passive activity to be treated as not from a passive activity, (4) which provide for the determination of the allocation of interest expense for purposes of this section, and (5) which deal with changes in marital status and changes between joint returns and separate returns.

26 U.S.C. § 470 Limitation on deductions allocable to property used by governments or other tax-exempt entities

(a) Limitation on lossesExcept as otherwise provided in this section, a tax-exempt use loss for any taxable year shall not be allowed. (b) Disallowed loss carried to next yearAny tax-exempt use loss with respect to any tax-exempt use property which is disallowed under subsection (a) for any taxable year shall be treated as a deduction with respect to such property in the next taxable year. (c) DefinitionsFor purposes of this section—(1) Tax-exempt use lossThe term “tax-exempt use loss” means, with respect to any taxable year, the amount (if any) by which—(A) the sum of—(i) the aggregate deductions (other than interest) directly allocable to a tax-exempt use property, plus (ii) the aggregate deductions for interest properly allocable to such property, exceed (B) the aggregate income from such property. (2) Tax-exempt use property(A) In generalThe term “tax-exempt use property” has the meaning given to such term by section 168(h), except that such section shall be applied—(i) without regard to paragraphs (1)(C) and (3) thereof, and (ii) as if section 197 intangible property (as defined in section 197), and property described in paragraph (1)(B) or (2) of section 167(f), were tangible property. (B) Exception for partnershipsSuch term shall not include any property which would (but for this subparagraph) be tax-exempt use property solely by reason of section 168(h)(6). (C) Cross referenceFor treatment of partnerships as leases to which section 168(h) applies, see section 7701(e). (d) Exception for certain leasesThis section shall not apply to any lease of property which meets the requirements of all of the following paragraphs:(1) Availability of funds(A) In generalA lease of property meets the requirements of this paragraph if (at all times during the lease term) not more than an allowable amount of funds are—(i) subject to any arrangement referred to in subparagraph (B), or (ii) set aside or expected to be set aside, to or for the benefit of the lessor or any lender, or to or for the benefit of the lessee to satisfy the lessee’s obligations or options under the lease. For purposes of clause (ii), funds shall be treated as set aside or expected to be set aside only if a reasonable person would conclude, based on the facts and circumstances, that such funds are set aside or expected to be set aside. (B) ArrangementsThe arrangements referred to in this subparagraph include a defeasance arrangement, a loan by the lessee to the lessor or any lender, a deposit arrangement, a letter of credit collateralized with cash or cash equivalents, a payment undertaking agreement, prepaid rent (within the meaning of the regulations under section 467), a sinking fund arrangement, a guaranteed investment contract, financial guaranty insurance, and any similar arrangement (whether or not such arrangement provides credit support). (C) Allowable amount(i) In generalExcept as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, the term “allowable amount” means an amount equal to 20 percent of the lessor’s adjusted basis in the property at the time the lease is entered into. (ii) Higher amount permitted in certain casesTo the extent provided in regulations, a higher percentage shall be permitted under clause (i) where necessary because of the credit-worthiness of the lessee. In no event may such regulations permit a percentage of more than 50 percent. (iii) Option to purchaseIf under the lease the lessee has the option to purchase the property for a fixed price or for other than the fair market value of the property (determined at the time of exercise), the allowable amount at the time such option may be exercised may not exceed 50 percent of the price at which such option may be exercised. (iv) No allowable amount for certain arrangementsThe allowable amount shall be zero with respect to any arrangement which involves—(I) a loan from the lessee to the lessor or a lender, (II) any deposit received, letter of credit issued, or payment undertaking agreement entered into by a lender otherwise involved in the transaction, or (III) in the case of a transaction which involves a lender, any credit support made available to the lessor in which any such lender does not have a claim that is senior to the lessor. For purposes of subclause (I), the term “loan” shall not include any amount treated as a loan under section 467 with respect to a section 467 rental agreement. (2) Lessor must make substantial equity investment(A) In generalA lease of property meets the requirements of this paragraph if—(i) the lessor—(I) has at the time the lease is entered into an unconditional at-risk equity investment (as determined by the Secretary) in the property of at least 20 percent of the lessor’s adjusted basis in the property as of that time, and (II) maintains such investment throughout the term of the lease, and (ii) the fair market value of the property at the end of the lease term is reasonably expected to be equal to at least 20 percent of such basis. (B) Risk of lossFor purposes of subparagraph (A)(ii), the fair market value at the end of the lease term shall be reduced to the extent that a person other than the lessor bears a risk of loss in the value of the property. (C) Paragraph not to apply to short-term leasesThis paragraph shall not apply to any lease with a lease term of 5 years or less. (3) Lessee may not bear more than minimal risk of loss(A) In generalA lease of property meets the requirements of this paragraph if there is no arrangement under which the lessee bears—(i) any portion of the loss that would occur if the fair market value of the leased property were 25 percent less than its reasonably expected fair market value at the time the lease is terminated, or (ii) more than 50 percent of the loss that would occur if the fair market value of the leased property at the time the lease is terminated were zero. (B) ExceptionThe Secretary may by regulations provide that the requirements of this paragraph are not met where the lessee bears more than a minimal risk of loss. (C) Paragraph not to apply to short-term leasesThis paragraph shall not apply to any lease with a lease term of 5 years or less. (4) Property with more than 7-year class lifeIn the case of a lease—(A) of property with a class life (as defined in section 168(i)(1)) of more than 7 years, other than fixed-wing aircraft and vessels, and (B) under which the lessee has the option to purchase the property, the lease meets the requirements of this paragraph only if the purchase price under the option equals the fair market value of the property (determined at the time of exercise). (e) Special rules(1) Treatment of former tax-exempt use property(A) In generalIn the case of any former tax-exempt use property—(i) any deduction allowable under subsection (b) with respect to such property for any taxable year shall be allowed only to the extent of any net income (without regard to such deduction) from such property for such taxable year, and (ii) any portion of such unused deduction remaining after application of clause (i) shall be treated as a deduction allowable under subsection (b) with respect to such property in the next taxable year. (B) Former tax-exempt use propertyFor purposes of this subsection, the term “former tax-exempt use property” means any property which—(i) is not tax-exempt use property for the taxable year, but (ii) was tax-exempt use property for any prior taxable year. (2) Disposition of entire interest in propertyIf during the taxable year a taxpayer disposes of the taxpayer’s entire interest in tax-exempt use property (or former tax-exempt use property), rules similar to the rules of section 469(g) shall apply for purposes of this section. (3) Coordination with section 469This section shall be applied before the application of section 469. (4) Coordination with sections 1031 and 1033(A) In generalSections 1031(a) and 1033(a) shall not apply if—(i) the exchanged or converted property is tax-exempt use property subject to a lease which was entered into before March 13, 2004, and which would not have met the requirements of subsection (d) had such requirements been in effect when the lease was entered into, or (ii) the replacement property is tax-exempt use property subject to a lease which does not meet the requirements of subsection (d). (B) Adjusted basisIn the case of property acquired by the lessor in a transaction to which section 1031 or 1033 applies, the adjusted basis of such property for purposes of this section shall be equal to the lesser of—(i) the fair market value of the property as of the beginning of the lease term, or (ii) the amount which would be the lessor’s adjusted basis if such sections did not apply to such transaction. (f) Other definitionsFor purposes of this section—(1) Related partiesThe terms “lessor”, “lessee”, and “lender” each include any related party (within the meaning of section 197(f)(9)(C)(i)). (2) Lease termThe term “lease term” has the meaning given to such term by section 168(i)(3). (3) LenderThe term “lender” means, with respect to any lease, a person that makes a loan to the lessor which is secured (or economically similar to being secured) by the lease or the leased property. (4) LoanThe term “loan” includes any similar arrangement. (g) RegulationsThe Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations which—(1) allow in appropriate cases the aggregation of property subject to the same lease, and (2) provide for the determination of the allocation of interest expense for purposes of this section.