F.S. 165.011 Short title.
This chapter shall be known and may be cited as the “Formation of Municipalities Act.”
FORMATION OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
F.S. Ch. 165
in effectF.S. 165.021 Purpose.
The purpose of this act is to provide standards, direction, and procedures for the formation of municipalities in this state and the provision of municipal services so as to:
(1)
Allow orderly patterns of urban growth and land use.
(2)
Assure adequate quality and quantity of local public services.
(3)
Ensure financial integrity of municipalities.
(4)
Eliminate or reduce avoidable and undesirable differentials in fiscal capacity among neighboring local governmental jurisdictions.
(5)
Promote equity in the financing of municipal services.
F.S. 165.022 Preemption; effect on special laws.
It is the purpose of this act to provide viable and usable general law standards and procedures for forming and dissolving municipalities in lieu of any procedure or standards now provided by general or special law. The provisions of this act shall be the exclusive procedure pursuant to general law for forming or dissolving municipalities in this state, except in those counties operating under a home rule charter which provides for an exclusive method as specifically authorized by s. 6(e), Art. VIII of the State Constitution. Any provisions of a general or special law existing on July 1, 1974, in conflict with the provisions of this act shall not be effective to the extent of such conflict.
F.S. 165.031 Definitions.
The following terms and phrases, when used in this chapter, shall have the meanings ascribed to them in this section, except where the context clearly indicates a different meaning:
(1)
“County” means a political subdivision of the state established pursuant to s. 1, Art. VIII of the State Constitution.
(2)
“Formation” means any one of the following activities:
(a)
“Incorporation”
—
The establishment of a municipality.
(b)
“Dissolution”
—
The dissolving of the corporate status of a municipality.
(c)
“Merger”
—
The merging of two or more municipalities with each other and with any unincorporated areas authorized pursuant to this act to form a new municipality; the merging of one or more municipalities or special districts, in any combination thereof, with each other; or the merging of one or more counties with one or more special districts.
(3)
“Municipality” means a municipality created pursuant to general or special law authorized or recognized pursuant to s. 2 or s. 6, Art. VIII of the State Constitution.
(4)
“Newspaper of general circulation” means a newspaper printed in the language most commonly spoken in the area within which it circulates, which is readily available for purchase by all inhabitants in its area of circulation, but does not include a newspaper intended primarily for members of a particular professional or occupational group, a newspaper the primary function of which is to carry legal notices, or a newspaper that is given away primarily to distribute advertising.
(5)
“Parties affected” means any person owning property or residing in a municipality proposing a formation or in the territory that is proposed for a formation or any governmental unit with jurisdiction over such area.
(6)
“Qualified voter” means any person registered to vote in accordance with law.
(7)
“Special district” means a local unit of special government, as defined in s. 189.012. This term includes dependent special districts, as defined in s. 189.012, and independent special districts, as defined in s. 189.012. All provisions of s. 200.001(8)(d) and (e) shall be considered provisions of this chapter.
F.S. 165.041 Incorporation; merger.
(1)(a)
A charter for incorporation of a municipality, except in case of a merger which is adopted as otherwise provided in subsections (2) and (3), shall be adopted only by a special act of the Legislature upon determination that the standards herein provided have been met.
(b)
To inform the Legislature on the feasibility of a proposed incorporation of a municipality, a feasibility study shall be completed and submitted to the Legislature no later than the first Monday after September 1 of the year before the regular session of the Legislature during which the municipal charter would be enacted. The feasibility study shall contain the following:
1.
The location of territory subject to boundary change and a map of the area which identifies the proposed change.
2.
The major reasons for proposing the boundary change.
3.
The following characteristics of the area:
a.
A list of the current land use designations applied to the subject area in the county comprehensive plan.
b.
A list of the current county zoning designations applied to the subject area.
c.
A general statement of present land use characteristics of the area.
d.
A description of development being proposed for the territory, if any, and a statement of when actual development is expected to begin, if known.
4.
A list of all public agencies, such as local governments, school districts, and special districts, whose current boundary falls within the boundary of the territory proposed for the change or reorganization.
5.
A list of current services being provided within the proposed incorporation area, including, but not limited to, water, sewer, solid waste, transportation, public works, law enforcement, fire and rescue, zoning, street lighting, parks and recreation, and library and cultural facilities, and the estimated costs for each current service.
6.
A list of proposed services to be provided within the proposed incorporation area, and the estimated cost of such proposed services.
7.
The names and addresses of three officers or persons submitting the proposal.
8.
Evidence of fiscal capacity and an organizational plan as it relates to the area seeking incorporation that, at a minimum, includes:
a.
Existing tax bases, including ad valorem taxable value, utility taxes, sales and use taxes, franchise taxes, license and permit fees, charges for services, fines and forfeitures, and other revenue sources, as appropriate.
b.
A 5-year operational plan that, at a minimum, includes proposed staffing, building acquisition and construction, debt issuance, and budgets.
9.
Data and analysis to support the conclusions that incorporation is necessary and financially feasible, including population projections and population density calculations, and an explanation concerning methodologies used for such analysis.
10.
Evaluation of the alternatives available to the area to address its policy concerns.
11.
Evidence that the proposed municipality meets the requirements for incorporation pursuant to s. 165.061.
(c)
In counties that have adopted a municipal overlay for municipal incorporation pursuant to s. 163.3217, such information shall be submitted to the Legislature in conjunction with any proposed municipal incorporation in the county. This information should be used to evaluate the feasibility of a proposed municipal incorporation in the geographic area.
(2)(a)
A charter for merger of two or more municipalities and associated unincorporated areas may also be adopted by passage of a concurrent ordinance by the governing bodies of each municipality affected, approved by a vote of the qualified voters in each area affected.
(b)
The ordinance shall provide for:
1.
The charter and its effective date.
2.
The financial or other adjustments required.
3.
A referendum for separate majorities by each unit or area to be affected.
4.
The date of election, which should be the next regularly scheduled election or a special election held prior to such election, if approved by a majority of the members of the governing body of each governmental unit affected, but no sooner than 30 days after passage of the ordinance.
(c)
Notice of the election shall be published at least once each week for 2 consecutive weeks immediately prior to the election, in a newspaper of general circulation in the area to be affected. Such notice shall give the time and places for the election and a general description of the area to be included in the municipality, which shall be in the form of a map to show clearly the area to be covered by the municipality.
(3)(a)
Initiation of procedures for municipal incorporation by merger as described in subsection (2) may be done either by adoption of a resolution by the governing body of an area to be affected or by a petition of 10 percent of the qualified voters in the area.
(b)
If a petition has been filed with the clerks of the governing bodies concerned, the governing bodies shall immediately undertake a study of the feasibility of the formation proposal and shall, within 6 months, either adopt an ordinance under subsection (2) or reject the petition, specifically stating the facts upon which the rejection is based.
(c)
The purpose of this subsection is to provide broad citizen involvement in both initiating and developing their local government; therefore, establishment of appropriate citizen advisory committees, as well as other mechanisms for citizen involvement, by the governing bodies of the units affected is specifically authorized and encouraged.
F.S. 165.043 Official county or municipal seal.
The governing body of a county or municipality may, by ordinance, designate an official county or municipal seal. The manufacture, use, display, or other employment of any facsimile or reproduction of the county or municipal seal, except by county or municipal officials or employees in the performance of their official duties, without the express approval of the governing body is a second degree misdemeanor, punishable as provided in s. 775.082 or s. 775.083.
F.S. 165.051 Dissolution procedures.
(1)
The charter of any existing municipality may be revoked and the municipal corporation dissolved by either:
(a)
A special act of the Legislature; or
(b)
An ordinance of the governing body of the municipality, approved by a vote of the qualified voters.
(2)
If a vote of the qualified voters is required, the governing body of the municipality or, if the municipal governing body does not act within 30 days, the governing body of the county or counties in which the municipality is located, shall set the date of the election, which shall be the next regularly scheduled election or a special election held prior to such election, if approved by a majority of the members of the governing body of each governmental unit affected, but no sooner than 30 days after passage of the ordinance. Notice of the election shall be published at least once each week for 2 consecutive weeks prior to the election in a newspaper of general circulation in the municipality.
F.S. 165.061 Standards for incorporation, merger, and dissolution.
(1)
The incorporation of a new municipality, other than through merger of existing municipalities, must meet the following conditions in the area proposed for incorporation:
(a)
It must be compact and contiguous and amenable to separate municipal government.
(b)
It must have a total population, as determined in the latest official state census, special census, or estimate of population, in the area proposed to be incorporated of at least 1,500 persons in counties with a population of 75,000 or less, and of at least 5,000 population in counties with a population of more than 75,000.
(c)
It must have an average population density of at least 1.5 persons per acre or have extraordinary conditions requiring the establishment of a municipal corporation with less existing density.
(d)
It must have a minimum distance of any part of the area proposed for incorporation from the boundaries of an existing municipality within the county of at least 2 miles or have an extraordinary natural boundary which requires separate municipal government.
(e)
It must have a proposed municipal charter which:
1.
Prescribes the form of government and clearly defines the responsibility for legislative and executive functions.
2.
Does not prohibit the legislative body of the municipality from exercising its powers to levy any tax authorized by the Constitution or general law.
(f)
In accordance with s. 10, Art. I of the State Constitution, the plan for incorporation must honor existing solid-waste contracts in the affected geographic area subject to incorporation. However, the plan for incorporation may provide for existing contracts for solid-waste-collection services to be honored only for 5 years or the remainder of the contract term, whichever is less, and may require that a copy of the pertinent portion of the contract or other written evidence of the duration of the contract, excluding any automatic renewals or evergreen provisions, be provided to the municipality within a reasonable time after a written request to do so.
(2)
The incorporation of a new municipality through merger of existing municipalities and associated unincorporated areas must meet the following conditions:
(a)
The area proposed for incorporation must be compact and contiguous and susceptible to urban services.
(b)
Any unincorporated area to be included must meet the standards provided in s. 171.042, if available.
(c)
The plan for merger and incorporation must provide for an equitable arrangement in relation to bonded indebtedness and the status and pension rights of employees of each governmental unit proposed to be merged.
(d)
In accordance with s. 10, Art. I of the State Constitution, the plan for merger must honor existing solid-waste contracts in the affected geographic area subject to merger. However, the plan for merger may provide for existing contracts for solid-waste-collection services to be honored only for 5 years or the remainder of the contract term, whichever is shorter, and may require that a copy of the pertinent portion of the contract or other written evidence of the duration of the contract, excluding any automatic renewals or so-called “evergreen” provisions, be provided to the municipality within a reasonable time following a written request to do so.
(3)
The dissolution of a municipality must meet the following conditions:
(a)
The municipality to be dissolved must not be substantially surrounded by other municipalities.
(b)
The county or another municipality must be demonstrably able to provide necessary services to the municipal area proposed for dissolution.
(c)
An equitable arrangement must be made in relation to bonded indebtedness and vested rights of employees of the municipality to be dissolved.
F.S. 165.071 Financial allocations.
(1)
The law incorporating a new municipality in previously unincorporated lands may provide a procedure for establishing the distributive share of local option gas tax moneys in counties where such tax is levied when appropriate under the provisions of s. 336.025(4)(b). The law shall also provide for assumption of the existing governmental indebtedness or property specially benefiting that area, if any, the fair value of such and the manner of transfer and financing.
(2)
The government formed by merger of existing municipalities shall assume all indebtedness of, and receive title to all property owned by, the preexisting municipalities. The proposed charter shall provide for the determination of the proper allocation of the indebtedness so assumed and the manner in which said debt shall be retired.
(3)
The dissolution of a municipal government shall transfer the title to all property owned by the preexisting municipal government to the county, which shall also assume all indebtedness of the preexisting municipality, unless otherwise provided in the dissolution plan. The county is specifically authorized to levy and collect ad valorem taxes in the same manner as other county taxes from the area of the preexisting municipality for repayment of any assumed indebtedness through a special district created for such purpose in accordance with chapter 189.
F.S. 165.081 Judicial review.
Any special law or ordinance enacted, and any dismissal of petition made, pursuant to this chapter shall be reviewable by certiorari. No appeal may be brought after the effective date of an incorporation or dissolution.
F.S. 165.0225 Counties prohibited from requiring consideration for allowing incorporation.
Notwithstanding s. 165.022, any municipality formed after January 1, 2000, and any municipality formed on or after July 1, 2007, shall not be required to pay any charge, assessment, tax, fee, or other consideration as a condition for allowing the citizens of an area to incorporate and govern themselves.
Source: FL Statutes (Official Site)URL: https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2025/Chapter165/AllFetched: 7/8/2026