(a) (1) Unless otherwise represented, a minor, person who is incapacitated, or unborn person, or a person whose identity or location is unknown and not reasonably ascertainable (hereinafter referred to as an “unascertainable person”), may for all purposes be represented by and bound by another, or by the designated representative of another, who has a substantially identical interest with respect to the particular question or dispute but only to the extent that there is no material conflict of interest between the representative and the person represented with respect to the particular question or dispute.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (a)(1) of this section, a designated representative of another may not represent or bind a minor, person who is incapacitated, unborn person, or unascertainable person if there is a material conflict of interest with respect to the particular question or dispute between the designated representative and the minor, person who is incapacitated, unborn person, or unascertainable person.
(b) (1) A presumptive remainder beneficiary, the designated representative of a presumptive remainder beneficiary, or the person or persons authorized to represent a presumptive remainder beneficiary under any other subsection of this section may represent and bind contingent successor remainder beneficiaries for the same purposes, in the same circumstances, and to the same extent as an ascertainable competent beneficiary may represent and bind a minor or person who is incapacitated, unborn or unascertainable. In addition, a contingent successor remainder beneficiary, the designated representative of a contingent successor remainder beneficiary, or the person or persons authorized to represent a contingent successor remainder beneficiary under any other subsection of this section may represent and bind more remote contingent successor remainder beneficiaries for the same purposes, in the same circumstances, and to the same extent as an ascertainable competent beneficiary may represent and bind a minor or person who is incapacitated, unborn or unascertainable.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (b)(1) of this section, a designated representative of a presumptive remainder beneficiary or a contingent successor remainder beneficiary may not represent or bind a contingent successor remainder beneficiary or a more remote contingent successor remainder beneficiary, as applicable, with respect to a particular question or dispute if there is a material conflict of interest with respect to the particular question or dispute between the designated representative and the contingent successor remainder beneficiary or the more remote contingent successor remainder beneficiary, as applicable.
(3) As used in this subsection:
a. A “presumptive remainder beneficiary” means as of any date, a beneficiary who, as of any date and but for the exercise of any power of appointment, would receive income or principal of the trust if the trust were to terminate as of that date (without regard to the exercise of any power of appointment) or, if the trust does not provide for its termination, a beneficiary who would receive or be eligible to receive distributions of income or principal of the trust if all of the beneficiaries currently receiving or eligible to receive distributions of income or principal were deceased;
b. A “contingent successor remainder beneficiary” means a beneficiary who would succeed to the interest of a presumptive remainder beneficiary in the circumstances described in paragraph (b)(3)a. of this section above if the presumptive remainder beneficiary and all of the trust’s other beneficiaries, if any, failed to take such interest; and
c. A contingent successor remainder beneficiary shall be considered “more remote” than any other beneficiary whose interest must fail in order for such contingent successor remainder beneficiary to take the interest.
(c) (1) The holder of a general testamentary or inter vivos power of appointment—or a nongeneral testamentary or inter vivos power of appointment that is expressly exercisable in favor of any person or persons, excepting such holder, the holder’s estate, the holder’s creditors, or the creditors of the holder’s estate—or the designated representative of any such holder, may, with the consent of any person whose consent would be required for the valid exercise of the power, represent and bind persons whose interests, as takers in default, are subject to the power, but, in the case of any such nongeneral power of appointment, only to the extent that there is no material conflict of interest between the holder and the persons represented with respect to the particular question or dispute.
(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (c)(1) of this section, a designated representative of a holder of a nongeneral testamentary or inter vivos power of appointment that is expressly exercisable in favor of any person or persons, excepting such holder, the holder’s estate, the holder’s creditors, or the creditors of the holder’s estate, may not represent or bind, with respect to the particular question or dispute, persons whose interests, as takers in default, are subject to the power, if there is a material conflict of interest with respect to the particular question or dispute between the designated representative and the persons whose interests, as takers in default, are subject to the power.
(d) In the case of a trust having a beneficiary who is a minor or incapacitated who may not be represented by another pursuant to subsection (a) or subsection (b) of this section, the surviving and competent parent or parents or custodial parent (in cases where 1 parent has sole custody of the beneficiary), or guardian of the property of the beneficiary may represent and bind the beneficiary for purposes of any judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter pertaining to the trust; provided that, in the case of a beneficiary represented by 1 or both parents, there is no material conflict of interest between the beneficiary who is a minor or incapacitated and either of such beneficiary's parents with respect to the particular question or dispute. In the case of a trust having a potential beneficiary who is unborn who may not be represented by another pursuant to subsection (a) of this section or subsection (b) of this section, the parent of such unborn beneficiary may represent and bind such unborn beneficiary for purposes of any judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter pertaining to the trust; provided that there is no material conflict of interest between such unborn beneficiary and such unborn beneficiary's parent with respect to the particular question or dispute. Furthermore, a representative under either of the preceding sentences may, for all purposes, represent and bind another minor, incapacitated, unborn, or unascertainable person who has an interest, with respect to the particular question or dispute, that is substantially identical to the interest of the beneficiary who is a minor or incapacitated or unborn represented by the representative, but only to the extent that there is no material conflict of interest between the beneficiary who is a minor or incapacitated or unborn represented by the representative and the minor, incapacitated, unborn, or unascertainable person with respect to the particular question or dispute.
(e) Unless otherwise provided in the governing instrument, the provisions of this section shall apply for purposes of any judicial proceeding and for purposes of any nonjudicial matter. For purposes of this section, judicial proceedings shall include any proceeding before a court or administrative tribunal of this State, including a proceeding that involves a trust whether or not the administration of the trust is governed by the laws of this State, and nonjudicial matters include, but are not limited to, the grant of consents, releases or ratifications pursuant to § 3588 of this title and the measurement of the limitation period described in § 3585 of this title.
(f) For purposes of this section, there is a presumption that a material conflict of interest exists between the representative and each trust beneficiary in any judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter:
(1) In which the representative would, as a result of the judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter, be appointed to a fiduciary or nonfiduciary office or role relating to the trust unless the representative presently serves in a fiduciary or nonfiduciary office or role relating to the trust and will not receive greater authority, broader discretion, or increased protection by reason of the new appointment;
(2) In which the representative currently holds a fiduciary or nonfiduciary office or role relating to the trust and, as a result of the judicial proceeding or nonjudicial matter, will receive greater authority, broader discretion, or increased protection, including but not limited to any limitation on exculpation from, or indemnification for any existing or potential future liability; or
(3) In which the representative has any other actual or potential conflict of interest with the represented beneficiaries with respect to the particular question or dispute, including but not limited to a conflict resulting from a differing investment horizon or an interest in present income over capital growth.
(g) For purposes of this section, when a trust (the “beneficiary trust” ) is a beneficiary of another trust, the beneficiary trust shall be represented and bound by its trustee or, if the beneficiary trust is not in existence, the beneficiary trust shall be represented and bound by those persons who would be beneficiaries of the beneficiary trust if the beneficiary trust were then in existence, the designated representatives of the persons who would be beneficiaries of the beneficiary trust if the beneficiary trust were then in existence, or the person authorized to represent the persons who would be beneficiaries of the beneficiary trust if the beneficiary trust were then in existence under any other subsection of this section.
(h) For purposes of this section, “designated representative” means a designated representative appointed under § 3339 of this title.
