USC Subchapter I

USC Subchapter I
in effect

20 U.S.C. § 9511 Establishment

(a) EstablishmentThere shall be in the Department the Institute of Education Sciences, to be administered by a Director (as described in section 9514 of this title) and, to the extent set forth in section 9516 of this title, a board of directors. (b) Mission(1) In generalThe mission of the Institute is to provide national leadership in expanding fundamental knowledge and understanding of education from early childhood through postsecondary study, in order to provide parents, educators, students, researchers, policymakers, and the general public with reliable information about—(A) the condition and progress of education in the United States, including early childhood education and special education; (B) educational practices that support learning and improve academic achievement and access to educational opportunities for all students; and (C) the effectiveness of Federal and other education programs. (2) Carrying out missionIn carrying out the mission described in paragraph (1), the Institute shall compile statistics, develop products, and conduct research, evaluations, and wide dissemination activities in areas of demonstrated national need (including in technology areas) that are supported by Federal funds appropriated to the Institute and ensure that such activities—(A) conform to high standards of quality, integrity, and accuracy; and (B) are objective, secular, neutral, and nonideological and are free of partisan political influence and racial, cultural, gender, or regional bias. (c) OrganizationThe Institute shall consist of the following:(1) The Office of the Director (as described in section 9514 of this title). (2) The National Board for Education Sciences (as described in section 9516 of this title). (3) The National Education Centers, which include—(A) the National Center for Education Research (as described in part B); (B) the National Center for Education Statistics (as described in part C); (C) the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (as described in part D); and (D) the National Center for Special Education Research (as described in part E).

20 U.S.C. § 9512 Functions

From funds appropriated under section 9584 of this title, the Institute, directly or through grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements, shall— (1) conduct and support scientifically valid research activities, including basic research and applied research, statistics activities, scientifically valid education evaluation, development, and wide dissemination; (2) widely disseminate the findings and results of scientifically valid research in education; (3) promote the use, development, and application of knowledge gained from scientifically valid research activities; (4) strengthen the national capacity to conduct, develop, and widely disseminate scientifically valid research in education; (5) promote the coordination, development, and dissemination of scientifically valid research in education within the Department and the Federal Government; and (6) promote the use and application of research and development to improve practice in the classroom.

20 U.S.C. § 9513 Delegation

(a) Delegation of authorityNotwithstanding section 3472 of this title, the Secretary shall delegate to the Director all functions for carrying out this subchapter (other than administrative and support functions), except that—(1) nothing in this subchapter or in subchapter III of this chapter (except section 9621(e)(1)(J) of this title) shall be construed to alter or diminish the role, responsibilities, or authority of the National Assessment Governing Board with respect to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (including with respect to the methodologies of the National Assessment of Educational Progress described in section 9621(e)(1)(E) of this title) from those authorized by the National Education Statistics Act of 1994 (20 U.S.C. 9001 et seq.) on the day before November 5, 2002; (2) members of the National Assessment Governing Board shall continue to be appointed by the Secretary; (3) section 9621(f)(1) of this title shall apply to the National Assessment Governing Board in the exercise of its responsibilities under this Act; (4) sections 9515 and 9516 of this title shall not apply to the National Assessment of Educational Progress; and (5) sections 9515 and 9516 of this title shall not apply to the National Assessment Governing Board. (b) Other activitiesThe Secretary may assign the Institute responsibility for administering other activities, if those activities are consistent with—(1) the Institute’s priorities, as approved by the National Board for Education Sciences under section 9516 of this title, and the Institute’s mission, as described in section 9511(b) of this title; or (2) the Institute’s mission, but only if those activities do not divert the Institute from its priorities.

20 U.S.C. § 9514 Office of the Director

(a) AppointmentExcept as provided in subsection (b)(2), the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint the Director of the Institute. (b) Term(1) In generalThe Director shall serve for a term of 6 years, beginning on the date of appointment of the Director. (2) First DirectorThe President, without the advice and consent of the Senate, may appoint the Assistant Secretary for the Office of Educational Research and Improvement (as such office existed on the day before November 5, 2002) to serve as the first Director of the Institute. (3) Subsequent DirectorsThe Board may make recommendations to the President with respect to the appointment of a Director under subsection (a), other than a Director appointed under paragraph (2). (c) PayThe Director shall receive the rate of basic pay for level II of the Executive Schedule. (d) QualificationsThe Director shall be selected from individuals who are highly qualified authorities in the fields of scientifically valid research, statistics, or evaluation in education, as well as management within such areas, and have a demonstrated capacity for sustained productivity and leadership in these areas. (e) AdministrationThe Director shall—(1) administer, oversee, and coordinate the activities carried out under the Institute, including the activities of the National Education Centers; and (2) coordinate and approve budgets and operating plans for each of the National Education Centers for submission to the Secretary. (f) DutiesThe duties of the Director shall include the following:(1) To propose to the Board priorities for the Institute, in accordance with section 9515(a) of this title. (2) To ensure the methodology applied in conducting research, development, evaluation, and statistical analysis is consistent with the standards for such activities under this subchapter. (3) To coordinate education research and related activities carried out by the Institute with such research and activities carried out by other agencies within the Department and the Federal Government. (4) To advise the Secretary on research, evaluation, and statistics activities relevant to the activities of the Department. (5) To establish necessary procedures for technical and scientific peer review of the activities of the Institute, consistent with section 9516(b)(3) of this title. (6) To ensure that all participants in research conducted or supported by the Institute are afforded their privacy rights and other relevant protections as research subjects, in accordance with section 9573 of this title, section 552a of title 5, and sections 1232g and 1232h of this title. (7) To ensure that activities conducted or supported by the Institute are objective, secular, neutral, and nonideological and are free of partisan political influence and racial, cultural, gender, or regional bias. (8) To undertake initiatives and programs to increase the participation of researchers and institutions that have been historically underutilized in Federal education research activities of the Institute, including historically Black colleges or universities or other institutions of higher education with large numbers of minority students. (9) To coordinate with the Secretary to promote and provide for the coordination of research and development activities and technical assistance activities between the Institute and comprehensive centers. (10) To solicit and consider the recommendations of education stakeholders, in order to ensure that there is broad and regular public and professional input from the educational field in the planning and carrying out of the Institute’s activities. (11) To coordinate the wide dissemination of information on scientifically valid research. (12) To carry out and support other activities consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute. (g) Expert guidance and assistanceThe Director may establish technical and scientific peer-review groups and scientific program advisory committees for research and evaluations that the Director determines are necessary to carry out the requirements of this subchapter. The Director shall appoint such personnel, except that officers and employees of the United States shall comprise no more than ¼ of the members of any such group or committee and shall not receive additional compensation for their service as members of such a group or committee. The Director shall ensure that reviewers are highly qualified and capable to appraise education research and development projects. Chapter 10 of title 5 shall not apply to a peer-review group or an advisory committee established under this subsection. (h) ReviewThe Director may, when requested by other officers of the Department, and shall, when directed by the Secretary, review the products and publications of other offices of the Department to certify that evidence-based claims about those products and publications are scientifically valid.

20 U.S.C. § 9515 Priorities

(a) ProposalThe Director shall propose to the Board priorities for the Institute (taking into consideration long-term research and development on core issues conducted through the national research and development centers). The Director shall identify topics that may require long-term research and topics that are focused on understanding and solving particular education problems and issues, including those associated with the goals and requirements of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.), the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.), and the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001 et seq.), such as—(1) closing the achievement gap between high-performing and low-performing children, especially achievement gaps between minority and nonminority children and between disadvantaged children and such children’s more advantaged peers; and (2) ensuring—(A) that all children have the ability to obtain a high-quality education (from early childhood through postsecondary education) and reach, at a minimum, proficiency on challenging State academic achievement standards and State academic assessments, particularly in mathematics, science, and reading or language arts; (B) access to, and opportunities for, postsecondary education; and (C) the efficacy, impact on academic achievement, and cost-effectiveness of technology use within the Nation’s schools. (b) ApprovalThe Board shall approve or disapprove the priorities for the Institute proposed by the Director, including any necessary revision of those priorities. The Board shall transmit any priorities so approved to the appropriate congressional committees. (c) ConsistencyThe Board shall ensure that priorities of the Institute and the National Education Centers are consistent with the mission of the Institute. (d) Public availability and comment(1) PrioritiesBefore submitting to the Board proposed priorities for the Institute, the Director shall make such priorities available to the public for comment for not less than 60 days (including by means of the Internet and through publishing such priorities in the Federal Register). The Director shall provide to the Board a copy of each such comment submitted. (2) PlanUpon approval of such priorities, the Director shall make the Institute’s plan for addressing such priorities available for public comment in the same manner as under paragraph (1).

20 U.S.C. § 9516 National Board for Education Sciences

(a) EstablishmentThe Institute shall have a board of directors, which shall be known as the National Board for Education Sciences. (b) DutiesThe duties of the Board shall be the following:(1) To advise and consult with the Director on the policies of the Institute. (2) To consider and approve priorities proposed by the Director under section 9515 of this title to guide the work of the Institute. (3) To review and approve procedures for technical and scientific peer review of the activities of the Institute. (4) To advise the Director on the establishment of activities to be supported by the Institute, including the general areas of research to be carried out by the National Center for Education Research. (5) To present to the Director such recommendations as it may find appropriate for—(A) the strengthening of education research; and (B) the funding of the Institute. (6) To advise the Director on the funding of applications for grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements for research, after the completion of peer review. (7) To review and regularly evaluate the work of the Institute, to ensure that scientifically valid research, development, evaluation, and statistical analysis are consistent with the standards for such activities under this subchapter. (8) To advise the Director on ensuring that activities conducted or supported by the Institute are objective, secular, neutral, and nonideological and are free of partisan political influence and racial, cultural, gender, or regional bias. (9) To solicit advice and information from those in the educational field, particularly practitioners and researchers, to recommend to the Director topics that require long-term, sustained, systematic, programmatic, and integrated research efforts, including knowledge utilization and wide dissemination of research, consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute. (10) To advise the Director on opportunities for the participation in, and the advancement of, women, minorities, and persons with disabilities in education research, statistics, and evaluation activities of the Institute. (11) To recommend to the Director ways to enhance strategic partnerships and collaborative efforts among other Federal and State research agencies. (12) To recommend to the Director individuals to serve as Commissioners of the National Education Centers. (c) Composition(1) Voting membersThe Board shall have 15 voting members appointed by the President. (2) AdviceThe President shall solicit advice regarding individuals to serve on the Board from the National Academy of Sciences, the National Science Board, and the National Science Advisor. (3) Nonvoting ex officio membersThe Board shall have the following nonvoting ex officio members:(A) The Director of the Institute of Education Sciences. (B) Each of the Commissioners of the National Education Centers. (C) The Director of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. (D) The Director of the Census. (E) The Commissioner of Labor Statistics. (F) The Director of the National Science Foundation. (4) Appointed membership(A) QualificationsMembers appointed under paragraph (1) shall be highly qualified to appraise education research, statistics, evaluations, or development, and shall include the following individuals:(i) Not fewer than 8 researchers in the field of statistics, evaluation, social sciences, or physical and biological sciences, which may include those researchers recommended by the National Academy of Sciences. (ii) Individuals who are knowledgeable about the educational needs of the United States, who may include school-based professional educators, parents (including parents with experience in promoting parental involvement in education), Chief State School Officers, State postsecondary education executives, presidents of institutions of higher education, local educational agency superintendents, early childhood experts, special education experts, principals, members of State or local boards of education or Bureau-funded school boards, and individuals from business and industry with experience in promoting private sector involvement in education. (B) TermsEach member appointed under paragraph (1) shall serve for a term of 4 years, except that—(i) the terms of the initial members appointed under such paragraph shall (as determined by a random selection process at the time of appointment) be for staggered terms of—(I) 4 years for each of 5 members; (II) 3 years for each of 5 members; and (III) 2 years for each of 5 members; and (ii) no member appointed under such paragraph shall serve for more than 2 consecutive terms. (C) Unexpired termsAny member appointed to fill a vacancy occurring before the expiration of the term for which the member’s predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of that term. (D) Conflict of interestA voting member of the Board shall be considered a special Government employee for the purposes of chapter 131 of title 5. (5) ChairThe Board shall elect a chair from among the members of the Board. (6) CompensationMembers of the Board shall serve without pay for such service. Members of the Board who are officers or employees of the United States may not receive additional pay, allowances, or benefits by reason of their service on the Board. (7) Travel expensesThe members of the Board shall receive travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5. (8) Powers of the Board(A) Executive DirectorThe Board shall have an Executive Director who shall be appointed by the Board. (B) Additional staffThe Board shall utilize such additional staff as may be appointed or assigned by the Director, in consultation with the Chair and the Executive Director. (C) Detail of personnelThe Board may use the services and facilities of any department or agency of the Federal Government. Upon the request of the Board, the head of any Federal department or agency may detail any of the personnel of that department or agency to the Board to assist the Board in carrying out this Act. (D) ContractsThe Board may enter into contracts or make other arrangements as may be necessary to carry out its functions. (E) InformationThe Board may, to the extent otherwise permitted by law, obtain directly from any executive department or agency of the Federal Government such information as the Board determines necessary to carry out its functions. (9) MeetingsThe Board shall meet not less than 3 times each year. The Board shall hold additional meetings at the call of the Chair or upon the written request of not less than 6 voting members of the Board. Meetings of the Board are subject to section 552b of title 5 (commonly referred to as the Government in the Sunshine Act). (10) QuorumA majority of the voting members of the Board serving at the time of the meeting shall constitute a quorum. (d) Standing committees(1) EstablishmentThe Board may establish standing committees—(A) that will each serve 1 of the National Education Centers; and (B) to advise, consult with, and make recommendations to the Director and the Commissioner of the appropriate National Education Center. (2) MembershipA majority of the members of each standing committee shall be voting members of the Board whose expertise is needed for the functioning of the committee. In addition, the membership of each standing committee may include, as appropriate—(A) experts and scientists in research, statistics, evaluation, or development who are recognized in their discipline as highly qualified to represent such discipline and who are not members of the Board, but who may have been recommended by the Commissioner of the appropriate National Education Center and approved by the Board; (B) ex officio members of the Board; and (C) policymakers and expert practitioners with knowledge of, and experience using, the results of research, evaluation, and statistics who are not members of the Board, but who may have been recommended by the Commissioner of the appropriate National Education Center and approved by the Board. (3) DutiesEach standing committee shall—(A) review and comment, at the discretion of the Board or the standing committee, on any grant, contract, or cooperative agreement entered into (or proposed to be entered into) by the applicable National Education Center; (B) prepare for, and submit to, the Board an annual evaluation of the operations of the applicable National Education Center; (C) review and comment on the relevant plan for activities to be undertaken by the applicable National Education Center for each fiscal year; and (D) report periodically to the Board regarding the activities of the committee and the applicable National Education Center. (e) Annual reportThe Board shall submit to the Director, the Secretary, and the appropriate congressional committees, not later than July 1 of each year, a report that assesses the effectiveness of the Institute in carrying out its priorities and mission, especially as such priorities and mission relate to carrying out scientifically valid research, conducting unbiased evaluations, collecting and reporting accurate education statistics, and translating research into practice. (f) RecommendationsThe Board shall submit to the Director, the Secretary, and the appropriate congressional committees a report that includes any recommendations regarding any actions that may be taken to enhance the ability of the Institute to carry out its priorities and mission. The Board shall submit an interim report not later than 3 years after November 5, 2002, and a final report not later than 5 years after such date.

20 U.S.C. § 9517 Commissioners of the National Education Centers

(a) Appointment of Commissioners(1) In generalExcept as provided in subsection (b), each of the National Education Centers shall be headed by a Commissioner appointed by the Director. In appointing Commissioners, the Director shall seek to promote continuity in leadership of the National Education Centers and shall consider individuals recommended by the Board. The Director may appoint a Commissioner to carry out the functions of a National Education Center without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service, and the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates. (2) Pay and qualificationsExcept as provided in subsection (b), each Commissioner shall—(A) receive the rate of basic pay for level IV of the Executive Schedule; and (B) be highly qualified in the field of education research or evaluation. (3) ServiceExcept as provided in subsection (b), each Commissioner shall report to the Director. A Commissioner shall serve for a period of not more than 6 years, except that a Commissioner—(A) may be reappointed by the Director; and (B) may serve after the expiration of that Commissioner’s term, until a successor has been appointed, for a period not to exceed 1 additional year. (b) Appointment of Commissioner for Education StatisticsThe National Center for Education Statistics shall be headed by a Commissioner for Education Statistics who shall be appointed by the President and who shall—(1) have substantial knowledge of programs assisted by the National Center for Education Statistics; (2) receive the rate of basic pay for level IV of the Executive Schedule; and (3) serve for a term of 6 years, with the term to expire every sixth June 21, beginning in 2003. (c) CoordinationEach Commissioner of a National Education Center shall coordinate with each of the other Commissioners of the National Education Centers in carrying out such Commissioner’s duties under this subchapter. (d) Supervision and approvalEach Commissioner, except the Commissioner for Education Statistics, shall carry out such Commissioner’s duties under this subchapter under the supervision and subject to the approval of the Director.

20 U.S.C. § 9518 Agreements

The Institute may carry out research projects of common interest with entities such as the National Science Foundation and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development through agreements with such entities that are in accordance with section 1231 of this title.

20 U.S.C. § 9519 Biennial report

The Director shall, on a biennial basis, transmit to the President, the Board, and the appropriate congressional committees, and make widely available to the public (including by means of the Internet), a report containing the following: (1) A description of the activities carried out by and through the National Education Centers during the prior fiscal years. (2) A summary of each grant, contract, and cooperative agreement in excess of $100,000 funded through the National Education Centers during the prior fiscal years, including, at a minimum, the amount, duration, recipient, purpose of the award, and the relationship, if any, to the priorities and mission of the Institute, which shall be available in a user-friendly electronic database. (3) A description of how the activities of the National Education Centers are consistent with the principles of scientifically valid research and the priorities and mission of the Institute. (4) Such additional comments, recommendations, and materials as the Director considers appropriate.

20 U.S.C. § 9520 Competitive awards

Activities carried out under this Act through grants, contracts, or cooperative agreements, at a minimum, shall be awarded on a competitive basis and, when practicable, through a process of peer review.

20 U.S.C. § 9531 Establishment

(a) EstablishmentThere is established in the Institute a National Center for Education Research (in this part referred to as the “Research Center”). (b) MissionThe mission of the Research Center is—(1) to sponsor sustained research that will lead to the accumulation of knowledge and understanding of education, to—(A) ensure that all children have access to a high-quality education; (B) improve student academic achievement, including through the use of educational technology; (C) close the achievement gap between high-performing and low-performing students through the improvement of teaching and learning of reading, writing, mathematics, science, and other academic subjects; and (D) improve access to, and opportunity for, postsecondary education; (2) to support the synthesis and, as appropriate, the integration of education research; (3) to promote quality and integrity through the use of accepted practices of scientific inquiry to obtain knowledge and understanding of the validity of education theories, practices, or conditions; and (4) to promote scientifically valid research findings that can provide the basis for improving academic instruction and lifelong learning.

20 U.S.C. § 9532 Commissioner for Education Research

The Research Center shall be headed by a Commissioner for Education Research (in this part referred to as the “Research Commissioner”) who shall have substantial knowledge of the activities of the Research Center, including a high level of expertise in the fields of research and research management.

20 U.S.C. § 9533 Duties

(a) General dutiesThe Research Center shall—(1) maintain published peer-review standards and standards for the conduct and evaluation of all research and development carried out under the auspices of the Research Center in accordance with this part; (2) propose to the Director a research plan that—(A) is consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute and the mission of the Research Center and includes the activities described in paragraph (3); and (B) shall be carried out pursuant to paragraph (4) and, as appropriate, be updated and modified; (3) carry out specific, long-term research activities that are consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute, and are approved by the Director; (4) implement the plan proposed under paragraph (2) to carry out scientifically valid research that—(A) uses objective and measurable indicators, including timelines, that are used to assess the progress and results of such research; (B) meets the procedures for peer review established by the Director under section 9514(f)(5) of this title and the standards of research described in section 9534 of this title; and (C) includes both basic research and applied research, which shall include research conducted through field-initiated research and ongoing research initiatives; (5) promote the use of scientifically valid research within the Federal Government, including active participation in interagency research projects described in section 9518 of this title; (6) ensure that research conducted under the direction of the Research Center is relevant to education practice and policy; (7) synthesize and disseminate, through the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, the findings and results of education research conducted or supported by the Research Center; (8) assist the Director in the preparation of a biennial report, as described in section 9519 of this title; (9) carry out research on successful State and local education reform activities, including those that result in increased academic achievement and in closing the achievement gap, as approved by the Director; (10) carry out research initiatives regarding the impact of technology, including—(A) research into how technology affects student achievement; (B) long-term research into cognition and learning issues as they relate to the uses of technology; (C) rigorous, peer-reviewed, large-scale, long-term, and broadly applicable empirical research that is designed to determine which approaches to the use of technology are most effective and cost-efficient in practice and under what conditions; and (D) field-based research on how teachers implement technology and Internet-based resources in the classroom, including an understanding 11 So in original. Probably should be “understanding of”. how these resources are being accessed, put to use, and the effectiveness of such resources; and (11) carry out research that is rigorous, peer-reviewed, and large scale to determine which methods of mathematics and science teaching are most effective, cost efficient, and able to be applied, duplicated, and scaled up for use in elementary and secondary classrooms, including in low-performing schools, to improve the teaching of, and student achievement in, mathematics and science as required under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.). (b) EligibilityResearch carried out under subsection (a) through contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements shall be carried out only by recipients with the ability and capacity to conduct scientifically valid research. (c) National research and development centers(1) SupportIn carrying out activities under subsection (a)(3), the Research Commissioner shall support not less than 8 national research and development centers. The Research Commissioner shall assign each of the 8 national research and development centers not less than 1 of the topics described in paragraph (2). In addition, the Research Commissioner may assign each of the 8 national research and development centers additional topics of research consistent with the mission and priorities of the Institute and the mission of the Research Center. (2) Topics of researchThe Research Commissioner shall support the following topics of research, through national research and development centers or through other means:(A) Adult literacy. (B) Assessment, standards, and accountability research. (C) Early childhood development and education. (D) English language learners research. (E) Improving low achieving schools. (F) Innovation in education reform. (G) State and local policy. (H) Postsecondary education and training. (I) Rural education. (J) Teacher quality. (K) Reading and literacy. (3) Duties of centersThe national research and development centers shall address areas of national need, including in educational technology areas. The Research Commissioner may support additional national research and development centers to address topics of research not described in paragraph (2) if such topics are consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute and the mission of the Research Center. The research carried out by the centers shall incorporate the potential or existing role of educational technology, where appropriate, in achieving the goals of each center. (4) ScopeSupport for a national research and development center shall be for a period of not more than 5 years, shall be of sufficient size and scope to be effective, and notwithstanding section 9534(b) of this title, may be renewed without competition for not more than 5 additional years if the Director, in consultation with the Research Commissioner and the Board, determines that the research of the national research and development center—(A) continues to address priorities of the Institute; and (B) merits renewal (applying the procedures and standards established in section 9534 of this title). (5) LimitNo national research and development center may be supported under this subsection for a period of more than 10 years without submitting to a competitive process for the award of the support. (6) Continuation of awardsThe Director shall continue awards made to the national research and development centers that are in effect on the day before November 5, 2002, in accordance with the terms of those awards and may renew them in accordance with paragraphs (4) and (5). (7) DisaggregationTo the extent feasible, research conducted under this subsection shall be disaggregated by age, race, gender, and socioeconomic background.

20 U.S.C. § 9534 Standards for conduct and evaluation of research

(a) In generalIn carrying out this part, the Research Commissioner shall—(1) ensure that all research conducted under the direction of the Research Center follows scientifically based research standards; (2) develop such other standards as may be necessary to govern the conduct and evaluation of all research, development, and wide dissemination activities carried out by the Research Center to assure that such activities meet the highest standards of professional excellence; (3) review the procedures utilized by the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and other Federal departments or agencies engaged in research and development, and actively solicit recommendations from research organizations and members of the general public in the development of the standards described in paragraph (2); and (4) ensure that all research complies with Federal guidelines relating to research misconduct. (b) Peer review(1) In generalThe Director shall establish a peer review system, involving highly qualified individuals with an in-depth knowledge of the subject to be investigated, for reviewing and evaluating all applications for grants and cooperative agreements that exceed $100,000, and for evaluating and assessing the products of research by all recipients of grants and cooperative agreements under this Act. (2) EvaluationThe Research Commissioner shall—(A) develop the procedures to be used in evaluating applications for research grants, cooperative agreements, and contracts, and specify the criteria and factors (including, as applicable, the use of longitudinal data linking test scores, enrollment, and graduation rates over time) which shall be considered in making such evaluations; and (B) evaluate the performance of each recipient of an award of a research grant, contract, or cooperative agreement at the conclusion of the award. (c) Long-term researchThe Research Commissioner shall ensure that not less than 50 percent of the funds made available for research for each fiscal year shall be used to fund long-term research programs of not less than 5 years, which support the priorities and mission of the Institute and the mission of the Research Center.

20 U.S.C. § 9541 Establishment

(a) EstablishmentThere is established in the Institute a National Center for Education Statistics (in this part referred to as the “Statistics Center”). (b) MissionThe mission of the Statistics Center shall be—(1) to collect and analyze education information and statistics in a manner that meets the highest methodological standards; (2) to report education information and statistics in a timely manner; and (3) to collect, analyze, and report education information and statistics in a manner that—(A) is objective, secular, neutral, and nonideological and is free of partisan political influence and racial, cultural, gender, or regional bias; and (B) is relevant and useful to practitioners, researchers, policymakers, and the public.

20 U.S.C. § 9542 Commissioner for Education Statistics

The Statistics Center shall be headed by a Commissioner for Education Statistics (in this part referred to as the “Statistics Commissioner”) who shall be highly qualified and have substantial knowledge of statistical methodologies and activities undertaken by the Statistics Center.

20 U.S.C. § 9543 Duties

(a) General dutiesThe Statistics Center shall collect, report, analyze, and disseminate statistical data related to education in the United States and in other nations, including—(1) collecting, acquiring, compiling (where appropriate, on a State-by-State basis), and disseminating full and complete statistics (disaggregated by the population characteristics described in paragraph (3)) on the condition and progress of education, at the preschool, elementary, secondary, postsecondary, and adult levels in the United States, including data on—(A) State and local education reform activities; (B) State and local early childhood school readiness activities; (C) student achievement in, at a minimum, the core academic areas of reading, mathematics, and science at all levels of education; (D) secondary school completions, dropouts, and adult literacy and reading skills; (E) access to, and opportunity for, postsecondary education, including data on financial aid to postsecondary students; (F) teaching, including—(i) data on in-service professional development, including a comparison of courses taken in the core academic areas of reading, mathematics, and science with courses in noncore academic areas, including technology courses; and (ii) the percentage of teachers who meet the applicable State certification and licensure requirements, including any requirements for certification obtained through alternative routes to certification, or, with regard to special education teachers, the qualifications described in section 1412(a)(14)(C) of this title.11 So in original. The period probably should not appear. in each State and, where feasible, in each local educational agency and school; (G) instruction, the conditions of the education workplace, and the supply of, and demand for, teachers; (H) the incidence, frequency, seriousness, and nature of violence affecting students, school personnel, and other individuals participating in school activities, as well as other indices of school safety, including information regarding—(i) the relationship between victims and perpetrators; (ii) demographic characteristics of the victims and perpetrators; and (iii) the type of weapons used in incidents, as classified in the Uniform Crime Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; (I) the financing and management of education, including data on revenues and expenditures; (J) the social and economic status of children, including their academic achievement; (K) the existence and use of educational technology and access to the Internet by students and teachers in elementary schools and secondary schools; (L) access to, and opportunity for, early childhood education; (M) the availability of, and access to, before-school and after-school programs (including such programs during school recesses); (N) student participation in and completion of secondary and postsecondary vocational and technical education programs by specific program area; and (O) the existence and use of school libraries; (2) conducting and publishing reports on the meaning and significance of the statistics described in paragraph (1); (3) collecting, analyzing, cross-tabulating, and reporting, to the extent feasible, information by gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, limited English proficiency, mobility, disability, urban, rural, suburban districts, and other population characteristics, when such disaggregated information will facilitate educational and policy decisionmaking; (4) assisting public and private educational agencies, organizations, and institutions in improving and automating statistical and data collection activities, which may include assisting State educational agencies and local educational agencies with the disaggregation of data and with the development of longitudinal student data systems; (5) determining voluntary standards and guidelines to assist State educational agencies in developing statewide longitudinal data systems that link individual student data consistent with the requirements of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.), promote linkages across States, and protect student privacy consistent with section 9573 of this title, to improve student academic achievement and close achievement gaps; (6) acquiring and disseminating data on educational activities and student achievement (such as the Third International Math and Science Study) in the United States compared with foreign nations; (7) conducting longitudinal and special data collections necessary to report on the condition and progress of education; (8) assisting the Director in the preparation of a biennial report, as described in section 9519 of this title; and (9) determining, in consultation with the National Research Council of the National Academies, methodology by which States may accurately measure graduation rates (defined as the percentage of students who graduate from secondary school with a regular diploma in the standard number of years), school completion rates, and dropout rates. (b) Training programThe Statistics Commissioner may establish a program to train employees of public and private educational agencies, organizations, and institutions in the use of standard statistical procedures and concepts, and may establish a fellowship program to appoint such employees as temporary fellows at the Statistics Center, in order to assist the Statistics Center in carrying out its duties.

20 U.S.C. § 9544 Performance of duties

(a) Grants, contracts, and cooperative agreementsIn carrying out the duties under this part, the Statistics Commissioner,11 So in original. The comma probably should not appear. may award grants, enter into contracts and cooperative agreements, and provide technical assistance. (b) Gathering information(1) SamplingThe Statistics Commissioner may use the statistical method known as sampling (including random sampling) to carry out this part. (2) Source of informationThe Statistics Commissioner may, as appropriate, use information collected—(A) from States, local educational agencies, public and private schools, preschools, institutions of higher education, vocational and adult education programs, libraries, administrators, teachers, students, the general public, and other individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions (including information collected by States and local educational agencies for their own use); and (B) by other offices within the Institute and by other Federal departments, agencies, and instrumentalities. (3) CollectionThe Statistics Commissioner may—(A) enter into interagency agreements for the collection of statistics; (B) arrange with any agency, organization, or institution for the collection of statistics; and (C) assign employees of the Statistics Center to any such agency, organization, or institution to assist in such collection. (4) Technical assistance and coordinationIn order to maximize the effectiveness of Department efforts to serve the educational needs of children and youth, the Statistics Commissioner shall—(A) provide technical assistance to the Department offices that gather data for statistical purposes; and (B) coordinate with other Department offices in the collection of data. (c) DurationNotwithstanding any other provision of law, the grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements under this section may be awarded, on a competitive basis, for a period of not more than 5 years, and may be renewed at the discretion of the Statistics Commissioner for an additional period of not more than 5 years.

20 U.S.C. § 9545 Reports

(a) Procedures for issuance of reportsThe Statistics Commissioner,11 So in original. The comma probably should not appear. shall establish procedures, in accordance with section 9576 of this title, to ensure that the reports issued under this section are relevant, of high quality, useful to customers, subject to rigorous peer review, produced in a timely fashion, and free from any partisan political influence. (b) Report on condition and progress of educationNot later than June 1, 2003, and each June 1 thereafter, the Statistics Commissioner,1 shall submit to the President and the appropriate congressional committees a statistical report on the condition and progress of education in the United States. (c) Statistical reportsThe Statistics Commissioner shall issue regular and, as necessary, special statistical reports on education topics, particularly in the core academic areas of reading, mathematics, and science, consistent with the priorities and the mission of the Statistics Center.

20 U.S.C. § 9546 Dissemination

(a) General requests(1) In generalThe Statistics Center may furnish transcripts or copies of tables and other statistical records and make special statistical compilations and surveys for State and local officials, public and private organizations, and individuals. (2) CompilationsThe Statistics Center shall provide State educational agencies, local educational agencies, and institutions of higher education with opportunities to suggest the establishment of particular compilations of statistics, surveys, and analyses that will assist those educational agencies. (b) Congressional requestsThe Statistics Center shall furnish such special statistical compilations and surveys as the relevant congressional committees may request. (c) Joint statistical projectsThe Statistics Center may engage in joint statistical projects related to the mission of the Center, or other statistical purposes authorized by law, with nonprofit organizations or agencies, and the cost of such projects shall be shared equitably as determined by the Secretary. (d) Fees(1) In generalStatistical compilations and surveys under this section, other than those carried out pursuant to subsections (b) and (c), may be made subject to the payment of the actual or estimated cost of such work. (2) Funds receivedAll funds received in payment for work or services described in this subsection may be used to pay directly the costs of such work or services, to repay appropriations that initially bore all or part of such costs, or to refund excess sums when necessary. (e) Access(1) Other agenciesThe Statistics Center shall, consistent with section 9573 of this title, cooperate with other Federal agencies having a need for educational data in providing access to educational data received by the Statistics Center. (2) Interested partiesThe Statistics Center shall, in accordance with such terms and conditions as the Center may prescribe, provide all interested parties, including public and private agencies, parents, and other individuals, direct access, in the most appropriate form (including, where possible, electronically), to data collected by the Statistics Center for the purposes of research and acquiring statistical information.

20 U.S.C. § 9547 Cooperative education statistics systems

The Statistics Center may establish 1 or more national cooperative education statistics systems for the purpose of producing and maintaining, with the cooperation of the States, comparable and uniform information and data on early childhood education, elementary and secondary education, postsecondary education, adult education, and libraries, that are useful for policymaking at the Federal, State, and local levels.

20 U.S.C. § 9548 State defined

In this part, the term “State” means each of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

20 U.S.C. § 9561 Establishment

(a) EstablishmentThere is established in the Institute a National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. (b) MissionThe mission of the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance shall be—(1) to provide technical assistance; (2) to conduct evaluations of Federal education programs administered by the Secretary (and as time and resources allow, other education programs) to determine the impact of such programs (especially on student academic achievement in the core academic areas of reading, mathematics, and science); (3) to support synthesis and wide dissemination of results of evaluation, research, and products developed; and (4) to encourage the use of scientifically valid education research and evaluation throughout the United States. (c) Grants, contracts, and cooperative agreementsIn carrying out the duties under this part, the Director may award grants, enter into contracts and cooperative agreements, and provide technical assistance.

20 U.S.C. § 9562 Commissioner for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance

(a) In generalThe National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance shall be headed by a Commissioner for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance (in this part referred to as the “Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner”) who is highly qualified and has demonstrated a capacity to carry out the mission of the Center and shall—(1) conduct evaluations pursuant to section 9563 of this title; (2) widely disseminate information on scientifically valid research, statistics, and evaluation on education, particularly to State educational agencies and local educational agencies, to institutions of higher education, to the public, the media, voluntary organizations, professional associations, and other constituencies, especially with respect to information relating to, at a minimum—(A) the core academic areas of reading, mathematics, and science; (B) closing the achievement gap between high-performing students and low-performing students; (C) educational practices that improve academic achievement and promote learning; (D) education technology, including software; and (E) those topics covered by the Educational Resources Information Center Clearinghouses (established under section 941(f) of the Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 (20 U.S.C. 6041(f)) (as such provision was in effect on the day before November 5, 2002); (3) make such information accessible in a user-friendly, timely, and efficient manner (including through use of a searchable Internet-based online database that shall include all topics covered in paragraph (2)(E)) to schools, institutions of higher education, educators (including early childhood educators), parents, administrators, policymakers, researchers, public and private entities (including providers of early childhood services), entities responsible for carrying out technical assistance through the Department, and the general public; (4) support the regional educational laboratories in conducting applied research, the development and dissemination of educational research, products and processes, the provision of technical assistance, and other activities to serve the educational needs of such laboratories’ regions; (5) manage the National Library of Education described in subsection (d), and other sources of digital information on education research; (6) assist the Director in the preparation of a biennial report, described in section 9519 of this title; and (7) award a contract for a prekindergarten through grade 12 mathematics and science teacher clearinghouse. (b) Additional dutiesIn carrying out subsection (a), the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner shall—(1) ensure that information disseminated under this section is provided in a cost-effective, nonduplicative manner that includes the most current research findings, which may include through the continuation of individual clearinghouses authorized under the Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 (title IX of the Goals 2000: Educate America Act; 20 U.S.C. 6001 et seq.) (as such Act existed on the day before November 5, 2002); (2) describe prominently the type of scientific evidence that is used to support the findings that are disseminated; (3) explain clearly the scientifically appropriate and inappropriate uses of—(A) the findings that are disseminated; and (B) the types of evidence used to support those findings; and (4) respond, as appropriate, to inquiries from schools, educators, parents, administrators, policymakers, researchers, public and private entities, and entities responsible for carrying out technical assistance. (c) ContinuationThe Director shall continue awards for the support of the Educational Resources Information Center Clearinghouses and contracts for regional educational laboratories (established under subsections (f) and (h) of section 941 of the Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 (20 U.S.C. 6041(f) and (h)) (as such awards were in effect on the day before November 5, 2002)) for the duration of those awards, in accordance with the terms and agreements of such awards. (d) National Library of Education(1) EstablishmentThere is established within the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance a National Library of Education that shall—(A) be headed by an individual who is highly qualified in library science; (B) collect and archive information; (C) provide a central location within the Federal Government for information about education; (D) provide comprehensive reference services on matters related to education to employees of the Department of Education and its contractors and grantees, other Federal employees, and members of the public; and (E) promote greater cooperation and resource sharing among providers and repositories of education information in the United States. (2) InformationThe information collected and archived by the National Library of Education shall include—(A) products and publications developed through, or supported by, the Institute; and (B) other relevant and useful education-related research, statistics, and evaluation materials and other information, projects, and publications that are—(i) consistent with—(I) scientifically valid research; or (II) the priorities and mission of the Institute; and (ii) developed by the Department, other Federal agencies, or entities (including entities supported under subchapter II of this chapter and the Educational Resources Information Center Clearinghouses (established under section 941(f) of the Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 (20 U.S.C. 6041(f)) (as such provision was in effect on the day before November 5, 2002))).11 So in original. The third closing parenthesis probably should not appear.

20 U.S.C. § 9563 Evaluations

(a) In general(1) RequirementsIn carrying out its missions, the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance may—(A) conduct or support evaluations consistent with the Center’s mission as described in section 9561(b) of this title; (B) evaluate programs under title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.); (C) to the extent practicable, examine evaluations conducted or supported by others in order to determine the quality and relevance of the evidence of effectiveness generated by those evaluations, with the approval of the Director; (D) coordinate the activities of the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance with other evaluation activities in the Department; (E) review and, where feasible, supplement Federal education program evaluations, particularly those by the Department, to determine or enhance the quality and relevance of the evidence generated by those evaluations; (F) establish evaluation methodology; and (G) assist the Director in the preparation of the biennial report, as described in section 9519 of this title. (2) Additional requirementsEach evaluation conducted by the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance pursuant to paragraph (1) shall—(A) adhere to the highest possible standards of quality for conducting scientifically valid education evaluation; and (B) be subject to rigorous peer-review. (b) Administration of evaluations under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965The Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner, consistent with the mission of the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance under section 9561(b) of this title, shall administer all operations and contracts associated with evaluations authorized by section 8601 of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 [20 U.S.C. 7981] and administered by the Department as of November 5, 2002.

20 U.S.C. § 9564 Regional educational laboratories for research, development, dissemination, and technical assistance

(a) Regional educational laboratoriesThe Director shall enter into contracts with entities to establish a networked system of 10 regional educational laboratories that serve the needs of each region of the United States in accordance with the provisions of this section. The amount of assistance allocated to each laboratory by the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner shall reflect the number of local educational agencies and the number of school-age children within the region served by such laboratory, as well as the cost of providing services within the geographic area encompassed by the region. (b) RegionsThe regions served by the regional educational laboratories shall be the 10 geographic regions served by the regional educational laboratories established under section 941(h) of the Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 (as such provision existed on the day before November 5, 2002). (c) Eligible applicantsThe Director may enter into contracts under this section with research organizations, institutions, agencies, institutions of higher education, or partnerships among such entities, or individuals, with the demonstrated ability or capacity to carry out the activities described in this section, including regional entities that carried out activities under the Educational Research, Development, Dissemination, and Improvement Act of 1994 (as such Act existed on the day before November 5, 2002) and title XIII of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (as such title existed on the day before January 8, 2002). (d) Applications(1) SubmissionEach applicant desiring a contract under this section shall submit an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director may reasonably require. (2) PlanEach application submitted under paragraph (1) shall contain a 5-year plan for carrying out the activities described in this section in a manner that addresses the priorities established under section 9606 of this title and addresses the needs of all States (and to the extent practicable, of local educational agencies) within the region to be served by the regional educational laboratory, on an ongoing basis. (e) Entering into contracts(1) In generalIn entering into contracts under this section, the Director shall—(A) enter into contracts for a 5-year period; and (B) ensure that regional educational laboratories established under this section have strong and effective governance, organization, management, and administration, and employ qualified staff. (2) CoordinationIn order to ensure coordination and prevent unnecessary duplication of activities among the regions, the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner shall—(A) share information about the activities of each regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section with each other regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section and with the Department of Education, including the Director and the Board; (B) oversee a strategic plan for ensuring that each regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section increases collaboration and resource-sharing in such activities; (C) ensure, where appropriate, that the activities of each regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section also serve national interests; and (D) ensure that each regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section coordinates such laboratory’s activities with the activities of each other regional technical assistance provider. (3) OutreachIn conducting competitions for contracts under this section, the Director shall—(A) actively encourage eligible entities to compete for such awards by making information and technical assistance relating to the competition widely available; and (B) seek input from the chief executive officers of States, chief State school officers, educators, and parents regarding the need for applied research, wide dissemination, training, technical assistance, and development activities authorized by this subchapter in the regions to be served by the regional educational laboratories and how those educational needs could be addressed most effectively. (4) Objectives and indicatorsBefore entering into a contract under this section, the Director shall design specific objectives and measurable indicators to be used to assess the particular programs or initiatives, and ongoing progress and performance, of the regional educational laboratories, in order to ensure that the educational needs of the region are being met and that the latest and best research and proven practices are being carried out as part of school improvement efforts. (5) StandardsThe Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner shall establish a system for technical and peer review to ensure that applied research activities, research-based reports, and products of the regional educational laboratories are consistent with the research standards described in section 9534 of this title and the evaluation standards adhered to pursuant to section 9563(a)(2)(A) of this title. (f) Central mission and primary functionEach regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section shall support applied research, development, wide dissemination, and technical assistance activities by—(1) providing training (which may include supporting internships and fellowships and providing stipends) and technical assistance to State educational agencies, local educational agencies, school boards, schools funded by the Bureau as appropriate, and State boards of education regarding, at a minimum—(A) the administration and implementation of programs under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6301 et seq.); (B) scientifically valid research in education on teaching methods, assessment tools, and high quality, challenging curriculum frameworks for use by teachers and administrators in, at a minimum—(i) the core academic subjects of mathematics, science, and reading; (ii) English language acquisition; (iii) education technology; and (iv) the replication and adaption of exemplary and promising practices and new educational methods, including professional development strategies and the use of educational technology to improve teaching and learning; and (C) the facilitation of communication between educational experts, school officials, and teachers, parents, and librarians, to enable such individuals to assist schools to develop a plan to meet the State education goals; (2) developing and widely disseminating, including through Internet-based means, scientifically valid research, information, reports, and publications that are usable for improving academic achievement, closing achievement gaps, and encouraging and sustaining school improvement, to—(A) schools, districts, institutions of higher education, educators (including early childhood educators and librarians), parents, policymakers, and other constituencies, as appropriate, within the region in which the regional educational laboratory is located; and (B) the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance; (3) developing a plan for identifying and serving the needs of the region by conducting a continuing survey of the educational needs, strengths, and weaknesses within the region, including a process of open hearings to solicit the views of schools, teachers, administrators, parents, local educational agencies, librarians, and State educational agencies within the region; (4) in the event such quality applied research does not exist as determined by the regional educational laboratory or the Department, carrying out applied research projects that are designed to serve the particular educational needs (in prekindergarten through grade 16) of the region in which the regional educational laboratory is located, that reflect findings from scientifically valid research, and that result in user-friendly, replicable school-based classroom applications geared toward promoting increased student achievement, including using applied research to assist in solving site-specific problems and assisting in development activities (including high-quality and on-going professional development and effective parental involvement strategies); (5) supporting and serving the educational development activities and needs of the region by providing educational applied research in usable forms to promote school-improvement, academic achievement, and the closing of achievement gaps and contributing to the current base of education knowledge by addressing enduring problems in elementary and secondary education and access to postsecondary education; (6) collaborating and coordinating services with other technical assistance providers funded by the Department of Education; (7) assisting in gathering information on school finance systems to promote improved access to educational opportunities and to better serve all public school students; (8) assisting in gathering information on alternative administrative structures that are more conducive to planning, implementing, and sustaining school reform and improved academic achievement; (9) bringing teams of experts together to develop and implement school improvement plans and strategies, especially in low-performing or high poverty schools; and (10) developing innovative approaches to the application of technology in education that are unlikely to originate from within the private sector, but which could result in the development of new forms of education software, education content, and technology-enabled pedagogy. (g) ActivitiesEach regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section shall carry out the following activities:(1) Collaborate with the National Education Centers in order to—(A) maximize the use of research conducted through the National Education Centers in the work of such laboratory; (B) keep the National Education Centers apprised of the work of the regional educational laboratory in the field; and (C) inform the National Education Centers about additional research needs identified in the field. (2) Consult with the State educational agencies and local educational agencies in the region in developing the plan for serving the region. (3) Develop strategies to utilize schools as critical components in reforming education and revitalizing rural communities in the United States. (4) Report and disseminate information on overcoming the obstacles faced by educators and schools in high poverty, urban, and rural areas. (5) Identify successful educational programs that have either been developed by such laboratory in carrying out such laboratory’s functions or that have been developed or used by others within the region served by the laboratory and make such information available to the Secretary and the network of regional educational laboratories so that such programs may be considered for inclusion in the national education dissemination system. (h) Governing board and allocation(1) In generalIn carrying out its responsibilities, each regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section, in keeping with the terms and conditions of such laboratory’s contract, shall—(A) establish a governing board that—(i) reflects a balanced representation of—(I) the States in the region; (II) the interests and concerns of regional constituencies; and (III) technical expertise; (ii) includes the chief State school officer or such officer’s designee of each State represented in such board’s region; (iii) includes—(I) representatives nominated by chief executive officers of States and State organizations of superintendents, principals, institutions of higher education, teachers, parents, businesses, and researchers; or (II) other representatives of the organizations described in subclause (I), as required by State law in effect on the day before November 5, 2002; (iv) is the sole entity that—(I) guides and directs the laboratory in carrying out the provisions of this subsection and satisfying the terms and conditions of the contract award; (II) determines the regional agenda of the laboratory; (III) engages in an ongoing dialogue with the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner concerning the laboratory’s goals, activities, and priorities; and (IV) determines at the start of the contract period, subject to the requirements of this section and in consultation with the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner, the mission of the regional educational laboratory for the duration of the contract period; (v) ensures that the regional educational laboratory attains and maintains a high level of quality in the laboratory’s work and products; (vi) establishes standards to ensure that the regional educational laboratory has strong and effective governance, organization, management, and administration, and employs qualified staff; (vii) directs the regional educational laboratory to carry out the laboratory’s duties in a manner that will make progress toward achieving the State education goals and reforming schools and educational systems; and (viii) conducts a continuing survey of the educational needs, strengths, and weaknesses within the region, including a process of open hearings to solicit the views of schools and teachers; and (B) allocate the regional educational laboratory’s resources to and within each State in a manner which reflects the need for assistance, taking into account such factors as the proportion of economically disadvantaged students, the increased cost burden of service delivery in areas of sparse populations, and any special initiatives being undertaken by State, intermediate, local educational agencies, or Bureau-funded schools, as appropriate, which may require special assistance from the laboratory. (2) Special ruleIf a regional educational laboratory needs flexibility in order to meet the requirements of paragraph (1)(A)(i), the regional educational laboratory may select not more than 10 percent of the governing board from individuals outside those representatives nominated in accordance with paragraph (1)(A)(iii). (i) Duties of governing boardIn order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the regional educational laboratories, the governing boards of the regional educational laboratories shall establish and maintain a network to—(1) share information about the activities each laboratory is carrying out; (2) plan joint activities that would meet the needs of multiple regions; (3) create a strategic plan for the development of activities undertaken by the laboratories to reduce redundancy and increase collaboration and resource-sharing in such activities; and (4) otherwise devise means by which the work of the individual laboratories could serve national, as well as regional, needs. (j) EvaluationsThe Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner shall provide for independent evaluations of each of the regional educational laboratories in carrying out the duties described in this section in the third year that such laboratory receives assistance under this section in accordance with the standards developed by the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner and approved by the Board and shall transmit the results of such evaluations to the relevant committees of Congress, the Board, and the appropriate regional educational laboratory governing board. (k) Rule of constructionNo regional educational laboratory receiving assistance under this section shall, by reason of the receipt of that assistance, be ineligible to receive any other assistance from the Department of Education as authorized by law or be prohibited from engaging in activities involving international projects or endeavors. (l) Advance payment systemEach regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section shall participate in the advance payment system at the Department of Education. (m) Additional projectsIn addition to activities authorized under this section, the Director is authorized to enter into contracts or agreements with a regional educational laboratory for the purpose of carrying out additional projects to enable such regional educational laboratory to assist in efforts to achieve State education goals and for other purposes. (n) Annual report and planNot later than July 1 of each year, each regional educational laboratory awarded a contract under this section shall submit to the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner—(1) a plan covering the succeeding fiscal year, in which such laboratory’s mission, activities, and scope of work are described, including a general description of the plans such laboratory expects to submit in the remaining years of such laboratory’s contract; and (2) a report of how well such laboratory is meeting the needs of the region, including a summary of activities during the preceding year, a list of entities served, a list of products, and any other information that the regional educational laboratory may consider relevant or the Evaluation and Regional Assistance Commissioner may require. (o) ConstructionNothing in this section shall be construed to require any modifications in a regional educational laboratory contract in effect on the day before November 5, 2002.

20 U.S.C. § 9567 Establishment

(a) EstablishmentThere is established in the Institute a National Center for Special Education Research (in this part referred to as the “Special Education Research Center”). (b) MissionThe mission of the Special Education Research Center is—(1) to sponsor research to expand knowledge and understanding of the needs of infants, toddlers, and children with disabilities in order to improve the developmental, educational, and transitional results of such individuals; (2) to sponsor research to improve services provided under, and support the implementation of, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.); and (3) to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act in coordination with the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance. (c) Applicability of this subchapterParts A and F, and the standards for peer review of applications and for the conduct and evaluation of research under sections 9533(a) and 9534 of this title, respectively, shall apply to the Secretary, the Director, and the Commissioner in carrying out this part.

20 U.S.C. § 9567a Commissioner for Special Education Research

The Special Education Research Center shall be headed by a Commissioner for Special Education Research (in this part referred to as the “Special Education Research Commissioner”) who shall have substantial knowledge of the Special Education Research Center’s activities, including a high level of expertise in the fields of research, research management, and the education of children with disabilities.

20 U.S.C. § 9567b Duties

(a) General dutiesThe Special Education Research Center shall carry out research activities under this part consistent with the mission described in section 9567(b) of this title, such as activities that—(1) improve services provided under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.] in order to improve—(A) academic achievement, functional outcomes, and educational results for children with disabilities; and (B) developmental outcomes for infants or toddlers with disabilities; (2) identify scientifically based educational practices that support learning and improve academic achievement, functional outcomes, and educational results for all students with disabilities; (3) examine the special needs of preschool aged children, infants, and toddlers with disabilities, including factors that may result in developmental delays; (4) identify scientifically based related services and interventions that promote participation and progress in the general education curriculum and general education settings; (5) improve the alignment, compatibility, and development of valid and reliable assessments, including alternate assessments, as required by section 6311(b) of this title; (6) examine State content standards and alternate assessments for students with significant cognitive impairment in terms of academic achievement, individualized instructional need, appropriate education settings, and improved post-school results; (7) examine the educational, developmental, and transitional needs of children with high incidence and low incidence disabilities; (8) examine the extent to which overidentification and underidentification of children with disabilities occurs, and the causes thereof; (9) improve reading and literacy skills of children with disabilities; (10) examine and improve secondary and postsecondary education and transitional outcomes and results for children with disabilities; (11) examine methods of early intervention for children with disabilities, including children with multiple or complex developmental delays; (12) examine and incorporate universal design concepts in the development of standards, assessments, curricula, and instructional methods to improve educational and transitional results for children with disabilities; (13) improve the preparation of personnel, including early intervention personnel, who provide educational and related services to children with disabilities to increase the academic achievement and functional performance of students with disabilities; (14) examine the excess costs of educating a child with a disability and expenses associated with high cost special education and related services; (15) help parents improve educational results for their children, particularly related to transition issues; (16) address the unique needs of children with significant cognitive disabilities; and (17) examine the special needs of limited English proficient children with disabilities. (b) StandardsThe Special Education Research Commissioner shall ensure that activities assisted under this section—(1) conform to high standards of quality, integrity, accuracy, validity, and reliability; (2) are carried out in accordance with the standards for the conduct and evaluation of all research and development established by the National Center for Education Research; and (3) are objective, secular, neutral, and nonideological, and are free of partisan political influence, and racial, cultural, gender, regional, or disability bias. (c) PlanThe Special Education Research Commissioner shall propose to the Director a research plan, developed in collaboration with the Assistant Secretary for Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, that—(1) is consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute and the mission of the Special Education Research Center; (2) is carried out, updated, and modified, as appropriate; (3) is consistent with the purposes of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [20 U.S.C. 1400 et seq.]; (4) contains an appropriate balance across all age ranges and types of children with disabilities; (5) provides for research that is objective and uses measurable indicators to assess its progress and results; and (6) is coordinated with the comprehensive plan developed under section 681 of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act [20 U.S.C. 1481]. (d) Grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements(1) In generalIn carrying out the duties under this section, the Director may award grants to, or enter into contracts or cooperative agreements with, eligible applicants. (2) Eligible applicantsActivities carried out under this subsection through contracts, grants, or cooperative agreements shall be carried out only by recipients with the ability and capacity to conduct scientifically valid research. (3) ApplicationsAn eligible applicant that wishes to receive a grant, or enter into a contract or cooperative agreement, under this section shall submit an application to the Director at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director may require. (e) DisseminationThe Special Education Research Center shall—(1) synthesize and disseminate, through the National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, the findings and results of special education research conducted or supported by the Special Education Research Center; and (2) assist the Director in the preparation of a biennial report, as described in section 9519 of this title. (f) Authorization of appropriationsThere are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this part such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2005 through 2010.

20 U.S.C. § 9571 Interagency data sources and formats

The Secretary, in consultation with the Director, shall ensure that the Department and the Institute use common sources of data in standardized formats.

20 U.S.C. § 9572 Prohibitions

(a) National databaseNothing in this subchapter may be construed to authorize the establishment of a nationwide database of individually identifiable information on individuals involved in studies or other collections of data under this subchapter. (b) Federal Government and use of Federal fundsNothing in this subchapter may be construed to authorize an officer or employee of the Federal Government to mandate, direct, or control the curriculum, program of instruction, or allocation of State or local resources of a State, local educational agency, or school, or to mandate a State, or any subdivision thereof, to spend any funds or incur any costs not provided for under this subchapter. (c) Endorsement of curriculumNotwithstanding any other provision of Federal law, no funds provided under this subchapter to the Institute, including any office, board, committee, or center of the Institute, may be used by the Institute to endorse, approve, or sanction any curriculum designed to be used in an elementary school or secondary school. (d) Federally sponsored testing(1) In generalSubject to paragraph (2), no funds provided under this subchapter to the Secretary or to the recipient of any award may be used to develop, pilot test, field test, implement, administer, or distribute any federally sponsored national test in reading, mathematics, or any other subject, unless specifically and explicitly authorized by law. (2) ExceptionsSubsection (a) shall not apply to international comparative assessments developed under the authority of section 9543(a)(6) of this title or section 9003(a)(6) of this title (as such section was in effect on the day before November 5, 2002) and administered to only a representative sample of pupils in the United States and in foreign nations.

20 U.S.C. § 9573 Confidentiality

(a) In generalAll collection, maintenance, use, and wide dissemination of data by the Institute, including each office, board, committee, and center of the Institute, shall conform with the requirements of section 552a of title 5, the confidentiality standards of subsection (c) of this section, and sections 1232g and 1232h of this title. (b) Student informationThe Director shall ensure that all individually identifiable information about students, their academic achievements, their families, and information with respect to individual schools, shall remain confidential in accordance with section 552a of title 5, the confidentiality standards of subsection (c) of this section, and sections 1232g and 1232h of this title. (c) Confidentiality standards(1) In general(A) The Director shall develop and enforce standards designed to protect the confidentiality of persons in the collection, reporting, and publication of data under this subchapter. (B) This section shall not be construed to protect the confidentiality of information about institutions, organizations, and agencies that receive grants from, or have contracts or cooperative agreements with, the Federal Government. (2) ProhibitionNo person may—(A) use any individually identifiable information furnished under this subchapter for any purpose other than a research, statistics, or evaluation purpose under this subchapter; (B) make any publication whereby the data furnished by any particular person under this subchapter can be identified; or (C) permit anyone other than the individuals authorized by the Director to examine the individual reports. (d) Administration(1) In general(A) DisclosureNo Federal department, bureau, agency, officer, or employee and no recipient of a Federal grant, contract, or cooperative agreement may, for any reason, require the Director, any Commissioner of a National Education Center, or any other employee of the Institute to disclose individually identifiable information that has been collected or retained under this subchapter. (B) ImmunityIndividually identifiable information collected or retained under this subchapter shall be immune from legal process and shall not, without the consent of the individual concerned, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial or administrative proceeding. (C) ApplicationThis paragraph does not apply to requests for individually identifiable information submitted by or on behalf of the individual identified in the information. (2) Employee or staff violationsWhoever, being or having been an employee or staff member of the Department, having taken or subscribed the oath of office, or having sworn to observe the limitations imposed by subsection (c)(2), knowingly publishes or communicates any individually identifiable information (as defined in paragraph (5)(A)), the disclosure of which is prohibited by subsection (c)(2), and that comes into such employee or staff’s possession by reason of employment (or otherwise providing services) under this subchapter, shall be found guilty of a class E felony and imprisoned for not more than five years, or fined as specified in section 3571 of title 18, or both. (3) Temporary staffThe Director may utilize temporary staff, including employees of Federal, State, or local agencies or instrumentalities (including local educational agencies), and employees of private organizations to assist the Director in performing the Director’s responsibilities, but only if such temporary staff are sworn to observe the limitations imposed by this section. (4) Information requirementsNo collection of information or data acquisition activity undertaken by the Director shall be subject to any review, coordination, or approval procedure except as required by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget under the rules and regulations established pursuant to chapter 35 of title 44, except such collection of information or data acquisition activity may be subject to review or coordination if the Director determines that such review or coordination is beneficial. (5) DefinitionsFor the purposes of this section—(A) the term “individually identifiable information” means any record, response form, completed survey, or aggregation thereof from which information about particular individuals may be revealed; and (B) the term “report” means a response provided by or about an individual to an inquiry from the Director and does not include a statistical aggregation from which individually identifiable information cannot be revealed. (6) ViolationsAny person who uses any data provided by the Director, in conjunction with any other information or technique, to identify any individual student, teacher, administrator, or other individual and who knowingly discloses, publishes, or uses such data for a purpose other than a statistical purpose, or who otherwise violates subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (c)(2), shall be found guilty of a class E felony and imprisoned for not more than five years, or fined as specified in section 3571 of title 18, or both. (7) Access to reports or recordsNothing in this section shall restrict the right of the Secretary, the Comptroller General of the United States, the Director of the Congressional Budget Office, and the Librarian of Congress, to gain access to any reports or other records, including information identifying individuals, in the Director’s possession, except that the same restrictions on disclosure that apply under paragraphs (1) and (6) shall apply to such individuals. (e) Investigation and prosecution of terrorism(1) In generalNotwithstanding subsections (a) and (b), the Attorney General (or any Federal officer or employee, in a position not lower than an Assistant Attorney General, designated by the Attorney General) may submit a written application to a court of competent jurisdiction for an ex parte order requiring the Secretary to permit the Attorney General (or his designee) to—(A) collect reports, records, and information (including individually identifiable information) in the possession of the Director that are relevant to an authorized investigation or prosecution of an offense listed in section 2332b(g)(5)(B) of title 18 or an act of domestic or international terrorism as defined in section 2331 of that title; and (B) for official purposes related to the investigation or prosecution of an offense described in paragraph (1)(A), retain, disseminate, and use (including as evidence at trial or in other administrative or judicial proceedings) such information, consistent with such guidelines as the Attorney General, after consultation with the Secretary, shall issue to protect confidentiality. (2) Application and approval(A) In general.—An application under paragraph (1) shall certify that there are specific and articulable facts giving reason to believe that the information sought is described in paragraph (1)(A). (B) The court shall issue an order described in paragraph (1) if the court finds that the application for the order includes the certification described in subparagraph (A). (3) ProtectionAn officer or employee of the Department who, in good faith, produces information in accordance with an order issued under this subsection does not violate subsection (b)(2) 11 So in original. Probably means subsection (d)(2). and shall not be liable to any person for that production.

20 U.S.C. § 9574 Availability of data

Subject to section 9573 of this title, data collected by the Institute, including any office, board, committee, or center of the Institute, in carrying out the priorities and mission of the Institute, shall be made available to the public, including through use of the Internet.

20 U.S.C. § 9575 Performance management

The Director shall ensure that all activities conducted or supported by the Institute or a National Education Center make customer service a priority. The Director shall ensure a high level of customer satisfaction through the following methods: (1) Establishing and improving feedback mechanisms in order to anticipate customer needs. (2) Disseminating information in a timely fashion and in formats that are easily accessible and usable by researchers, practitioners, and the general public. (3) Utilizing the most modern technology and other methods available, including arrangements to use data collected electronically by States and local educational agencies, to ensure the efficient collection and timely distribution of information, including data and reports. (4) Establishing and measuring performance against a set of indicators for the quality of data collected, analyzed, and reported. (5) Continuously improving management strategies and practices. (6) Making information available to the public in an expeditious fashion.

20 U.S.C. § 9576 Authority to publish

(a) PublicationThe Director may prepare and publish (including through oral presentation) such research, statistics (consistent with part C), and evaluation information and reports from any office, board, committee, and center of the Institute, as needed to carry out the priorities and mission of the Institute without the approval of the Secretary or any other office of the Department. (b) Advance copiesThe Director shall provide the Secretary and other relevant offices with an advance copy of any information to be published under this section before publication. (c) Peer reviewAll research, statistics, and evaluation reports conducted by, or supported through, the Institute shall be subjected to rigorous peer review before being published or otherwise made available to the public. (d) Items not coveredNothing in subsections 11 So in original. Probably should be “subsection”. (a), (b), or (c) shall be construed to apply to—(1) information on current or proposed budgets, appropriations, or legislation; (2) information prohibited from disclosure by law or the Constitution, classified national security information, or information described in section 552(b) of title 5; and (3) review by officers of the United States in order to prevent the unauthorized disclosure of information described in paragraph (1) or (2).

20 U.S.C. § 9577 Vacancies

Any member appointed to fill a vacancy on the Board occurring before the expiration of the term for which the member’s predecessor was appointed shall be appointed only for the remainder of that term. A vacancy in an office, board, committee, or center of the Institute shall be filled in the manner in which the original appointment was made. This section does not apply to employees appointed under section 9578 of this title.

20 U.S.C. § 9578 Scientific or technical employees

(a) In generalThe Director may appoint, for terms not to exceed 6 years (without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointment in the competitive service) and may compensate (without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and General Schedule pay rates) such scientific or technical employees to carry out the functions of the Institute or the office, board, committee, or center, respectively, if—(1) at least 30 days prior to the appointment of any such employee, public notice is given of the availability of such position and an opportunity is provided for qualified individuals to apply and compete for such position; (2) the rate of basic pay for such employees does not exceed the maximum rate of basic pay payable for positions at GS–15, as determined in accordance with section 5376 of title 5, except that not more than 7 individuals appointed under this section may be paid at a rate that does not exceed the rate of basic pay for level III of the Executive Schedule; (3) the appointment of such employee is necessary (as determined by the Director on the basis of clear and convincing evidence) to provide the Institute or the office, board, committee, or center with scientific or technical expertise which could not otherwise be obtained by the Institute or the office, board, committee, or center through the competitive service; and (4) the total number of such employees does not exceed 40 individuals or ⅕ of the number of full-time, regular scientific or professional employees of the Institute, whichever is greater. (b) Duties of employeesAll employees described in subsection (a) shall work on activities of the Institute or the office, board, committee, or center, and shall not be reassigned to other duties outside the Institute or the office, board, committee, or center during their term.

20 U.S.C. § 9579 Fellowships

In order to strengthen the national capacity to carry out high-quality research, evaluation, and statistics related to education, the Director shall establish and maintain research, evaluation, and statistics fellowships in institutions of higher education (which may include the establishment of such fellowships in historically Black colleges and universities and other institutions of higher education with large numbers of minority students) that support graduate and postdoctoral study onsite at the Institute or at the institution of higher education. In establishing the fellowships, the Director shall ensure that women and minorities are actively recruited for participation.

20 U.S.C. § 9580 Voluntary service

The Director may accept voluntary and uncompensated services to carry out and support activities that are consistent with the priorities and mission of the Institute.

20 U.S.C. § 9581 Rulemaking

Notwithstanding section 1232(d) of this title, the exemption for public property, loans, grants, and benefits in section 553(a)(2) of title 5 shall apply to the Institute.

20 U.S.C. § 9582 Copyright

Nothing in this Act shall be construed to affect the rights, remedies, limitations, or defense under title 17.

20 U.S.C. § 9583 Removal

(a) PresidentialThe Director, each member of the Board, and the Commissioner for Education Statistics may be removed by the President prior to the expiration of the term of each such appointee. (b) DirectorEach Commissioner appointed by the Director pursuant to section 9517 of this title may be removed by the Director prior to the expiration of the term of each such Commissioner.

20 U.S.C. § 9584 Authorization of appropriations

(a) In generalThere are authorized to be appropriated to administer and carry out this subchapter (except section 9564 of this title) $400,000,000 for fiscal year 2003 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years, of which—(1) not less than the amount provided to the National Center for Education Statistics (as such Center was in existence on the day before November 5, 2002) for fiscal year 2002 shall be provided to the National Center for Education Statistics, as authorized under part C; and (2) not more than the lesser of 2 percent of such funds or $1,000,000 shall be made available to carry out section 9516 of this title (relating to the National Board for Education Sciences). (b) Regional educational laboratoriesThere are authorized to be appropriated to carry out section 9564 of this title $100,000,000 for fiscal year 2003 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 5 succeeding fiscal years. Of the amounts appropriated under the preceding sentence for a fiscal year, the Director shall obligate not less than 25 percent to carry out such purpose with respect to rural areas (including schools funded by the Bureau which are located in rural areas). (c) AvailabilityAmounts made available under this section shall remain available until expended.

20 U.S.C. § 9501 Definitions

In this subchapter: (1)(A) In generalThe terms “elementary school”, “secondary school”, “local educational agency”, and “State educational agency” have the meanings given those terms in section 7801 of this title. (B) Outlying areasThe term “outlying areas” has the meaning given such term in section 6331(c) of this title. (C) Freely associated statesThe term “freely associated states” means the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, and the Republic of Palau. (2) Applied researchThe term “applied research” means research—(A) to gain knowledge or understanding necessary for determining the means by which a recognized and specific need may be met; and (B) that is specifically directed to the advancement of practice in the field of education. (3) Basic researchThe term “basic research” means research—(A) to gain fundamental knowledge or understanding of phenomena and observable facts, without specific application toward processes or products; and (B) for the advancement of knowledge in the field of education. (4) BoardThe term “Board” means the National Board for Education Sciences established under section 9516 of this title. (5) BureauThe term “Bureau” means the Bureau of Indian Affairs. (6) Comprehensive centerThe term “comprehensive center” means an entity established under section 9602 of this title. (7) DepartmentThe term “Department” means the Department of Education. (8) DevelopmentThe term “development” means the systematic use of knowledge or understanding gained from the findings of scientifically valid research and the shaping of that knowledge or understanding into products or processes that can be applied and evaluated and may prove useful in areas such as the preparation of materials and new methods of instruction and practices in teaching, that lead to the improvement of the academic skills of students, and that are replicable in different educational settings. (9) DirectorThe term “Director” means the Director of the Institute of Education Sciences. (10) DisseminationThe term “dissemination” means the communication and transfer of the results of scientifically valid research, statistics, and evaluations, in forms that are understandable, easily accessible, and usable, or adaptable for use in, the improvement of educational practice by teachers, administrators, librarians, other practitioners, researchers, parents, policymakers, and the public, through technical assistance, publications, electronic transfer, and other means. (11) Early childhood educatorThe term “early childhood educator” means a person providing, or employed by a provider of, nonresidential child care services (including center-based, family-based, and in-home child care services) that is legally operating under State law, and that complies with applicable State and local requirements for the provision of child care services to children at any age from birth through the age at which a child may start kindergarten in that State. (12) Field-initiated researchThe term “field-initiated research” means basic research or applied research in which specific questions and methods of study are generated by investigators (including teachers and other practitioners) and that conforms to standards of scientifically valid research. (13) Historically Black college or universityThe term “historically Black college or university” means a part B institution as defined in section 1061 of this title. (14) InstituteThe term “Institute” means the Institute of Education Sciences established under section 9511 of this title. (15) Institution of higher educationThe term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given that term in section 1001(a) of this title. (16) National research and development centerThe term “national research and development center” means a research and development center supported under section 9533(c) of this title. (17) Provider of early childhood servicesThe term “provider of early childhood services” means a public or private entity that serves young children, including—(A) child care providers; (B) Head Start agencies operating Head Start programs, and entities carrying out Early Head Start programs, under the Head Start Act (42 U.S.C. 9831 et seq.); (C) preschools; (D) kindergartens; and (E) libraries. (18) Scientifically based research standards(A) The term “scientifically based research standards” means research standards that—(i) apply rigorous, systematic, and objective methodology to obtain reliable and valid knowledge relevant to education activities and programs; and (ii) present findings and make claims that are appropriate to and supported by the methods that have been employed. (B) The term includes, appropriate to the research being conducted—(i) employing systematic, empirical methods that draw on observation or experiment; (ii) involving data analyses that are adequate to support the general findings; (iii) relying on measurements or observational methods that provide reliable data; (iv) making claims of causal relationships only in random assignment experiments or other designs (to the extent such designs substantially eliminate plausible competing explanations for the obtained results); (v) ensuring that studies and methods are presented in sufficient detail and clarity to allow for replication or, at a minimum, to offer the opportunity to build systematically on the findings of the research; (vi) obtaining acceptance by a peer-reviewed journal or approval by a panel of independent experts through a comparably rigorous, objective, and scientific review; and (vii) using research designs and methods appropriate to the research question posed. (19) Scientifically valid education evaluationThe term “scientifically valid education evaluation” means an evaluation that—(A) adheres to the highest possible standards of quality with respect to research design and statistical analysis; (B) provides an adequate description of the programs evaluated and, to the extent possible, examines the relationship between program implementation and program impacts; (C) provides an analysis of the results achieved by the program with respect to its projected effects; (D) employs experimental designs using random assignment, when feasible, and other research methodologies that allow for the strongest possible causal inferences when random assignment is not feasible; and (E) may study program implementation through a combination of scientifically valid and reliable methods. (20) Scientifically valid researchThe term “scientifically valid research” includes applied research, basic research, and field-initiated research in which the rationale, design, and interpretation are soundly developed in accordance with scientifically based research standards. (21) SecretaryThe term “Secretary” means the Secretary of Education. (22) StateThe term “State” includes (except as provided in section 9548 of this title) each of the 50 States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the freely associated states, and the outlying areas. (23) Technical assistanceThe term “technical assistance” means—(A) assistance in identifying, selecting, or designing solutions based on research, including professional development and high-quality training to implement solutions leading to—(i) improved educational and other practices and classroom instruction based on scientifically valid research; and (ii) improved planning, design, and administration of programs; (B) assistance in interpreting, analyzing, and utilizing statistics and evaluations; and (C) other assistance necessary to encourage the improvement of teaching and learning through the applications of techniques supported by scientifically valid research.

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