VEXATIOUS LITIGANTS

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code ch. 11
in effect

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.001. DEFINITIONS.

In this chapter: (1) "Defendant" means a person or governmental entity against whom a plaintiff commences or maintains or seeks to commence or maintain a litigation. (2) "Litigation" means a civil action commenced, maintained, or pending in any state or federal court. (3) Repealed by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224, Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2013. (4) "Moving defendant" means a defendant who moves for an order under Section 11.051 determining that a plaintiff is a vexatious litigant and requesting security. (5) "Plaintiff" means an individual who commences or maintains a litigation pro se. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 3 (H.B. 79 ), Sec. 9.01, eff. January 1, 2012. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 1, eff. September 1, 2013. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.002. APPLICABILITY.

(a) This chapter does not apply to an attorney licensed to practice law in this state unless the attorney proceeds pro se. (b) This chapter does not apply to a municipal court. Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 2, eff. September 1, 2013. SUBCHAPTER B. VEXATIOUS LITIGANTS

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.051. MOTION FOR ORDER DETERMINING PLAINTIFF A VEXATIOUS LITIGANT AND REQUESTING SECURITY.

In a litigation in this state, the defendant may, on or before the 90th day after the date the defendant files the original answer or makes a special appearance, move the court for an order: (1) determining that the plaintiff is a vexatious litigant; and (2) requiring the plaintiff to furnish security. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.052. STAY OF PROCEEDINGS ON FILING OF MOTION.

(a) On the filing of a motion under Section 11.051 , the litigation is stayed and the moving defendant is not required to plead: (1) if the motion is denied, before the 10th day after the date it is denied; or (2) if the motion is granted, before the 10th day after the date the moving defendant receives written notice that the plaintiff has furnished the required security. (b) On the filing of a motion under Section 11.051 on or after the date the trial starts, the litigation is stayed for a period the court determines. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.053. HEARING.

(a) On receipt of a motion under Section 11.051 , the court shall, after notice to all parties, conduct a hearing to determine whether to grant the motion. (b) The court may consider any evidence material to the ground of the motion, including: (1) written or oral evidence; and (2) evidence presented by witnesses or by affidavit. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.054. CRITERIA FOR FINDING PLAINTIFF A VEXATIOUS LITIGANT.

A court may find a plaintiff a vexatious litigant if the defendant shows that there is not a reasonable probability that the plaintiff will prevail in the litigation against the defendant and that: (1) the plaintiff, in the seven-year period immediately preceding the date the defendant makes the motion under Section 11.051 , has commenced, prosecuted, or maintained at least five litigations as a pro se litigant other than in a small claims court that have been: (A) finally determined adversely to the plaintiff; (B) permitted to remain pending at least two years without having been brought to trial or hearing; or (C) determined by a trial or appellate court to be frivolous or groundless under state or federal laws or rules of procedure; (2) after a litigation has been finally determined against the plaintiff, the plaintiff repeatedly relitigates or attempts to relitigate, pro se, either: (A) the validity of the determination against the same defendant as to whom the litigation was finally determined; or (B) the cause of action, claim, controversy, or any of the issues of fact or law determined or concluded by the final determination against the same defendant as to whom the litigation was finally determined; or (3) the plaintiff has previously been declared to be a vexatious litigant by a state or federal court in an action or proceeding based on the same or substantially similar facts, transition, or occurrence. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 3, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.055. SECURITY.

(a) A court shall order the plaintiff to furnish security for the benefit of the moving defendant if the court, after hearing the evidence on the motion, determines that the plaintiff is a vexatious litigant. (b) The court in its discretion shall determine the date by which the security must be furnished. (c) The court shall provide that the security is an undertaking by the plaintiff to assure payment to the moving defendant of the moving defendant's reasonable expenses incurred in or in connection with a litigation commenced, caused to be commenced, maintained, or caused to be maintained by the plaintiff, including costs and attorney's fees. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.056. DISMISSAL FOR FAILURE TO FURNISH SECURITY.

The court shall dismiss a litigation as to a moving defendant if a plaintiff ordered to furnish security does not furnish the security within the time set by the order. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.057. DISMISSAL ON THE MERITS.

If the litigation is dismissed on its merits, the moving defendant has recourse to the security furnished by the plaintiff in an amount determined by the court. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. SUBCHAPTER C. PROHIBITING FILING OF NEW LITIGATION

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.101. PREFILING ORDER; CONTEMPT.

(a) A court may, on its own motion or the motion of any party, enter an order prohibiting a person from filing, pro se, a new litigation in a court to which the order applies under this section without permission of the appropriate local administrative judge described by Section 11.102 (a) to file the litigation if the court finds, after notice and hearing as provided by Subchapter B, that the person is a vexatious litigant. (b) A person who disobeys an order under Subsection (a) is subject to contempt of court. (c) A litigant may appeal from a prefiling order entered under Subsection (a) designating the person a vexatious litigant. (d) A prefiling order entered under Subsection (a) by a justice or constitutional county court applies only to the court that entered the order. (e) A prefiling order entered under Subsection (a) by a district court, a statutory county court, or the business court applies to each court in this state. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 3 (H.B. 79 ), Sec. 9.02, eff. January 1, 2012. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 4, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.102. PERMISSION BY LOCAL ADMINISTRATIVE JUDGE.

(a) A vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 is prohibited from filing, pro se, new litigation in a court to which the order applies without seeking the permission of: (1) the local administrative judge of the type of court in which the vexatious litigant intends to file, except as provided by Subdivision (2); or (2) the local administrative district judge of the county in which the vexatious litigant intends to file if the litigant intends to file in a justice or constitutional county court. (b) A vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 who files a request seeking permission to file a litigation shall provide a copy of the request to all defendants named in the proposed litigation. (c) The appropriate local administrative judge described by Subsection (a) may make a determination on the request with or without a hearing. If the judge determines that a hearing is necessary, the judge may require that the vexatious litigant filing a request under Subsection (b) provide notice of the hearing to all defendants named in the proposed litigation. (d) The appropriate local administrative judge described by Subsection (a) may grant permission to a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 to file a litigation only if it appears to the judge that the litigation: (1) has merit; and (2) has not been filed for the purposes of harassment or delay. (e) The appropriate local administrative judge described by Subsection (a) may condition permission on the furnishing of security for the benefit of the defendant as provided in Subchapter B. (f) A decision of the appropriate local administrative judge described by Subsection (a) denying a litigant permission to file a litigation under Subsection (d), or conditioning permission to file a litigation on the furnishing of security under Subsection (e), is not grounds for appeal, except that the litigant may apply for a writ of mandamus with the court of appeals not later than the 30th day after the date of the decision. The denial of a writ of mandamus by the court of appeals is not grounds for appeal to the supreme court or court of criminal appeals. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 3 (H.B. 79 ), Sec. 9.03, eff. January 1, 2012. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 5, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.103. DUTIES OF CLERK.

(a) Except as provided by Subsection (d), a clerk of a court may not file a litigation, original proceeding, appeal, or other claim presented, pro se, by a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 unless the litigant obtains an order from the appropriate local administrative judge described by Section 11.102 (a) permitting the filing. (b) Repealed by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224, Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2013. (c) If the appropriate local administrative judge described by Section 11.102 (a) issues an order permitting the filing of the litigation, the litigation remains stayed and the defendant need not plead until the 10th day after the date the defendant is served with a copy of the order. (d) A clerk of a court of appeals may file an appeal from a prefiling order entered under Section 11.101 designating a person a vexatious litigant or a timely filed writ of mandamus under Section 11.102 . Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 3 (H.B. 79 ), Sec. 9.04, eff. January 1, 2012. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 6, eff. September 1, 2013. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 7, eff. September 1, 2013. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 10, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.104. NOTICE TO OFFICE OF COURT ADMINISTRATION; DISSEMINATION OF LIST.

(a) A clerk of a court shall provide the Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System a copy of any prefiling order issued under Section 11.101 not later than the 30th day after the date the prefiling order is signed. (b) The Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System shall post on the agency's Internet website a list of vexatious litigants subject to prefiling orders under Section 11.101 . On request of a person designated a vexatious litigant, the list shall indicate whether the person designated a vexatious litigant has filed an appeal of that designation. (c) The Office of Court Administration of the Texas Judicial System may not remove the name of a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 from the agency's Internet website unless the office receives a written order from the court that entered the prefiling order or from an appellate court. An order of removal affects only a prefiling order entered under Section 11.101 by the same court. A court of appeals decision reversing a prefiling order entered under Section 11.101 affects only the validity of an order entered by the reversed court. Added by Acts 1997, 75th Leg., ch. 806, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1997. Acts 2011, 82nd Leg., 1st C.S., Ch. 3 (H.B. 79 ), Sec. 9.05, eff. January 1, 2012. Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 9, eff. September 1, 2013.

Tex. CIV. PRAC. & REM Code § 11.1035. MISTAKEN FILING.

(a) If the clerk mistakenly files litigation presented, pro se, by a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 without an order from the appropriate local administrative judge described by Section 11.102 (a), any party may file with the clerk and serve on the plaintiff and the other parties to the litigation a notice stating that the plaintiff is a vexatious litigant required to obtain permission under Section 11.102 to file litigation. (b) Not later than the next business day after the date the clerk receives notice that a vexatious litigant subject to a prefiling order under Section 11.101 has filed, pro se, litigation without obtaining an order from the appropriate local administrative judge described by Section 11.102 (a), the clerk shall notify the court that the litigation was mistakenly filed. On receiving notice from the clerk, the court shall immediately stay the litigation and shall dismiss the litigation unless the plaintiff, not later than the 10th day after the date the notice is filed, obtains an order from the appropriate local administrative judge described by Section 11.102 (a) permitting the filing of the litigation. (c) An order dismissing litigation that was mistakenly filed by a clerk may not be appealed. Added by Acts 2013, 83rd Leg., R.S., Ch. 1224 (S.B. 1630 ), Sec. 8, eff. September 1, 2013.
Source: TX Statutes (Official Site)URL: https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Fetched: 6/28/2026