USC Chapter 501

in effect

46 U.S.C. § 50101 Objectives and policy

(a) Objectives.—It is necessary for the national defense and the development of the domestic and foreign commerce of the United States that the United States have a merchant marine—(1) sufficient to carry the waterborne domestic commerce and a substantial part of the waterborne export and import foreign commerce of the United States and to provide shipping service essential for maintaining the flow of the waterborne domestic and foreign commerce at all times; (2) capable of serving as a naval and military auxiliary in time of war or national emergency; (3) owned and operated as vessels of the United States by citizens of the United States; (4) composed of the best-equipped, safest, and most suitable types of vessels constructed in the United States and manned with a trained and efficient citizen personnel; and (5) supplemented by efficient facilities for building and repairing vessels. (b) Policy.—It is the policy of the United States to encourage and aid the development and maintenance of a merchant marine satisfying the objectives described in subsection (a).

46 U.S.C. § 50102 Survey of merchant marine

(a) In General.—The Secretary of Transportation shall survey the merchant marine of the United States to determine whether replacements and additions are required to carry out the objectives and policy of section 50101 of this title. The Secretary shall study, perfect, and adopt a long-range program for replacements and additions that will result, as soon as practicable, in—(1) an adequate and well-balanced merchant fleet, including vessels of all types, that will provide shipping service essential for maintaining the flow of foreign commerce by vessels designed to be readily and quickly convertible into transport and supply vessels in a time of national emergency; (2) ownership and operation of the fleet by citizens of the United States insofar as practicable; (3) vessels designed to afford the best and most complete protection for passengers and crew against fire and all marine perils; and (4) an efficient capacity for building and repairing vessels in the United States with an adequate number of skilled personnel to provide an adequate mobilization base. (b) Cooperation With Secretary of Navy.—In carrying out subsection (a)(1), the Secretary of Transportation shall cooperate closely with the Secretary of the Navy as to national defense requirements.

46 U.S.C. § 50103 Determinations of essential services

(a) Essential Services, Routes, and Lines.—(1) In general.—The Secretary of Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the ocean services, routes, and lines from ports in the United States, or in the territories and possessions of the United States, to foreign markets, which the Secretary determines to be essential for the promotion, development, expansion, and maintenance of the foreign commerce of the United States. In making such a determination, the Secretary shall consider and give due weight to—(A) the cost of maintaining each line; (B) the probability that a line cannot be maintained except at a heavy loss disproportionate to the benefit to foreign trade; (C) the number of voyages and types of vessels that should be employed in a line; (D) the intangible benefit of maintaining a line to the foreign commerce of the United States, the national defense, and other national requirements; and (E) any other facts and conditions a prudent business person would consider when dealing with the person’s own business. (2) Saint lawrence seaway.—For purposes of paragraph (1), the Secretary shall establish services, routes, and lines that reflect the seasonal closing of the Saint Lawrence Seaway and provide for alternate routing of vessels through a different range of ports during that closing to maintain continuity of service on a year-round basis. (b) Bulk Cargo Carrying Services.—The Secretary shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the bulk cargo carrying services that should be provided by vessels of the United States (whether or not operating on particular services, routes, or lines) for the promotion, development, expansion, and maintenance of the foreign commerce of the United States and the national defense or other national requirements. (c) Types of Vessels.—The Secretary shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the type, size, speed, method of propulsion, and other requirements of the vessels, including express-liner or super-liner vessels, that should be employed in—(1) the services, routes, or lines described in subsection (a), and the frequency and regularity of the voyages of the vessels, with a view to furnishing adequate, regular, certain, and permanent service; and (2) the bulk cargo carrying services described in subsection (b).

46 U.S.C. § 50104 Studies of general maritime problems

The Secretary of Transportation shall study all maritime problems arising in carrying out the policy in section 50101 of this title.

46 U.S.C. § 50105 Studies and cooperation relating to the construction of vessels

(a) Relative Costs and New Designs.—The Secretary of Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of—(1) the relative cost of construction of comparable vessels in the United States and in foreign countries; and (2) new designs, new methods of construction, and new types of equipment for vessels. (b) Rules, Classifications, and Ratings.—The Secretary shall examine the rules under which vessels are constructed abroad and in the United States and the methods of classifying and rating the vessels. (c) Collaboration With Owners and Builders.—The Secretary shall collaborate with vessel owners and shipbuilders in developing plans for the economical construction of vessels and their propelling machinery, of most modern economical types, giving thorough consideration to all well-recognized means of propulsion and taking into account the benefits from standardized production where practicable and desirable. (d) Express-Liner and Super-Liner Vessels.—The Secretary shall study and cooperate with vessel owners in devising means by which there may be constructed, by or with the aid of the United States Government, express-liner or super-liner vessels comparable to those of other nations, especially with a view to their use in a national emergency, and the use of transoceanic aircraft service in connection with or in lieu of those vessels.

46 U.S.C. § 50106 Studies on the operation of vessels

(a) Relative Costs.—The Secretary of Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the relative cost of marine insurance, maintenance, repairs, wages and subsistence of officers and crews, and all other items of expense, in the operation of comparable vessels under the laws and regulations of the United States and those of the foreign countries whose vessels are substantial competitors of American vessels. (b) Shipyards.—The Secretary shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the number, location, and efficiency of shipyards in the United States. (c) Navigation Laws.—The Secretary shall examine the navigation laws and regulations of the United States and make such recommendations to Congress as the Secretary considers proper for the amendment, improvement, and revision of those laws and for the development of the merchant marine of the United States.

46 U.S.C. § 50107 Studies on marine insurance

The Secretary of Transportation shall— (1) examine into the subject of marine insurance, the number of companies in the United States, domestic and foreign, engaging in marine insurance, the extent of the insurance on hulls and cargoes placed or written in the United States, and the extent of reinsurance of American maritime risks in foreign companies; and (2) ascertain what steps may be necessary to develop an ample marine insurance system as an aid in the development of the merchant marine of the United States.

46 U.S.C. § 50108 Studies on cargo carriage and cargo containers

(a) Studies.—The Secretary of Transportation shall study—(1) the methods of encouraging the development and implementation of new concepts for the carriage of cargo in the domestic and foreign commerce of the United States; and (2) the economic and technological aspects of the use of cargo containers as a method of carrying out the policy in section 50101 of this title. (b) Restriction.—In carrying out subsection (a) and the policy in section 50101 of this title, the United States Government may not give preference as between carriers based on the length, height, or width of cargo containers or the length, height, or width of cargo container cells. This restriction applies to all existing container vessels and any container vessel to be constructed or rebuilt.

46 U.S.C. § 50109 Miscellaneous studies

(a) Foreign Subsidies.—The Secretary of Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the extent and character of the governmental aid and subsidies granted by foreign governments to their merchant marine. (b) Laws Applicable to Aircraft.—The Secretary shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the provisions of law relating to shipping that should be made applicable to aircraft engaged in foreign commerce to further the policy in section 50101 of this title, and any appropriate legislation in this regard. (c) Aid for Cotton, Coal, Lumber, and Cement.—The Secretary shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the advisability of enactment of suitable legislation authorizing the Secretary, in an economic or commercial emergency, to aid farmers and producers of cotton, coal, lumber, and cement in any section of the United States in the transportation and landing of their products in any foreign port, which products can be carried in dry-cargo vessels by reducing rates, by supplying additional tonnage to any American operator, or by operation of vessels directly by the Secretary, until the Secretary considers the special rate reduction and operation unnecessary for the benefit of those farmers and producers. (d) Intercoastal and Inland Water Transportation.—The Secretary shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of intercoastal and inland water transportation, including their relation to transportation by land and air. (e) Obsolete Tonnage and Tramp Service.—The Secretary shall make studies and reports to Congress on—(1) the scrapping or removal from service of old or obsolete merchant tonnage owned by the United States Government or in use in the merchant marine; and (2) tramp shipping service and the advisability of citizens of the United States participating in that service with vessels under United States registry. (f) Mortgage Loans.—The Secretary shall investigate the legal status of mortgage loans on vessel property, with a view to the means of improving the security of those loans and of encouraging investment in American shipping.

46 U.S.C. § 50110 Securing preference to vessels of the United States

(a) Possibilities of Promoting Carriage.—The Secretary of Transportation shall investigate, determine, and keep current records of the possibilities of promoting the carriage of United States foreign trade in vessels of the United States. (b) Inducements to Importers and Exporters.—The Secretary shall study and cooperate with vessel owners in devising means by which the importers and exporters of the United States can be induced to give preference to vessels of the United States. (c) Liaison With Agencies and Organizations.—The Secretary shall establish and maintain liaison with such other agencies of the United States Government, and with such representative trade organizations throughout the United States, as may be concerned, directly or indirectly, with any movement of commodities in the waterborne export and import foreign commerce of the United States, for the purpose of securing preference to vessels of the United States in the shipment of those commodities.

46 U.S.C. § 50111 Submission of annual MARAD authorization request

(a) Submission of Legislative Proposal.—Not later than 30 days after the date on which the President submits to Congress a budget for a fiscal year pursuant to section 1105 of title 31, the Secretary of Transportation shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate the Maritime Administration authorization request for that fiscal year. (b) Maritime Administration Request Defined.—In this section, the term “Maritime Administration authorization request” means a proposal for legislation that, for a fiscal year—(1) recommends authorizations of appropriations for the Maritime Administration for that fiscal year, including with respect to matters described in subsection 11 So in original. Probably should be “section”. 109(j) of title 49 or authorized in subtitle V of this title; and (2) addresses any other matter with respect to the Maritime Administration that the Secretary determines is appropriate.

46 U.S.C. § 50112 National Maritime Enhancement Institutes

(a) Designation.—The Secretary of Transportation may designate National Maritime Enhancement Institutes. (b) Activities.—Activities undertaken by an institute may include—(1) conducting research about methods to improve the performance of maritime industries; (2) enhancing the competitiveness of domestic maritime industries in international trade; (3) forecasting trends in maritime trade; (4) assessing technological advancements; (5) developing management initiatives and training; (6) analyzing economic and operational impacts of regulatory policies and international negotiations or agreements pending before international bodies; (7) assessing the compatibility of domestic maritime infrastructure systems with overseas transport systems; (8) fostering innovations in maritime transportation pricing; and (9) improving maritime economics and finance. (c) Application for Designation.—An institution seeking designation as a National Maritime Enhancement Institute shall submit an application under regulations prescribed by the Secretary. (d) Criteria for Designation.—The Secretary shall designate an institute under this section on the basis of the following criteria:(1) The demonstrated research and extension resources available to the applicant for carrying out the activities specified in subsection (b). (2) The ability of the applicant to provide leadership in making national and regional contributions to the solution of both long-range and immediate problems of the domestic maritime industry. (3) The existence of an established program of the applicant encompassing research and training directed to enhancing maritime industries. (4) The demonstrated ability of the applicant to assemble and evaluate pertinent information from national and international sources and to disseminate results of maritime industry research and educational programs through a continuing education program. (5) The qualification of the applicant as a nonprofit institution of higher learning. (e) Financial Awards.—The Secretary may make awards on an equal matching basis to an institute designated under subsection (a) from amounts appropriated. The aggregate annual amount of the Federal share of the awards by the Secretary may not exceed $500,000. (f) University Transportation Research Funds.—The Secretary may make a grant under section 5505 of title 49 to an institute designated under subsection (a) for maritime and maritime intermodal research under that section as if the institute were a university transportation center. In making a grant, the Secretary, through the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology of the Department of Transportation, shall advise the Maritime Administration on the availability of funds for the grants and consult with the Administration on making the grants.

46 U.S.C. § 50113 Use and performance reports by operators of vessels

(a) Filing Requirement.—The Secretary of Transportation by regulation may require the operator of a vessel in the waterborne foreign commerce of the United States to file such report, account, record, or memorandum on the use and performance of the vessel as the Secretary considers desirable to assist in carrying out this subtitle. The report, account, record, or memorandum shall be signed and verified, and be filed at the times and in the manner, as provided by regulation. (b) Civil Penalty.—An operator not filing a report, account, record, or memorandum required by the Secretary under this section is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of $50 for each day of the violation. A penalty imposed under this section on the operator of a vessel constitutes a lien on the vessel involved in the violation. A civil action in rem to enforce the lien may be brought in the district court of the United States for any district in which the vessel is found. The Secretary may remit or mitigate any penalty imposed under this section.

46 U.S.C. § 50114 National maritime strategy

(a) In General.—The Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating and the Commander of United States Transportation Command, shall submit to the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate—(1) a national maritime strategy; and (2) not less often than once every five years after the submission of such strategy, an update to the strategy. (b) Contents.—The strategy required under subsection (a) shall include each of the following:(1) An identification of—(A) international policies and Federal regulations and policies that reduce the competitiveness of United States-documented vessels with foreign vessels in domestic and international transportation markets; and (B) the impact of reduced cargo flow due to reductions in the number of members of the United States Armed Forces stationed or deployed outside of the United States. (2) Recommendations to—(A) make United States-documented vessels more competitive in shipping routes between United States and foreign ports; (B) increase the use of United States-documented vessels to carry cargo imported to and exported from the United States; (C) ensure compliance by Federal agencies with chapter 553; (D) increase the use of short sea transportation routes, including routes designated under section 55601(b), to enhance intermodal freight movements; (E) enhance United States shipbuilding capability; (F) invest in, and identify gaps in, infrastructure needed to facilitate the movement of goods at ports and throughout the transportation system, including innovative physical and information technologies; (G) enhance workforce training and recruitment for the maritime workforce, including training on innovative physical and information technologies; (H) increase the resilience of ports and the marine transportation system; (I) increase the carriage of government-impelled cargo on United States-documented vessels pursuant to chapter 553 of title 46, section 2631 of title 10, or otherwise; and (J) maximize the cost effectiveness of Federal funding for carriage of non-defense government impelled cargo for the purposes of maintaining a United States flag fleet for national and economic security. (c) Update.—Upon the release of a strategy or update under subsection (a), the Secretary of Transportation shall make such strategy or update publicly available on the website of the Department of Transportation. (d) Implementation Plan.—Not later than six months after the submission of a strategy or update under subsection (a), the Secretary of Transportation, in consultation with the Secretary of the department in which the Coast Guard is operating and the Secretary of Defense, shall make publicly available on an appropriate website an implementation plan for such strategy or update.