USC Subchapter II

USC Subchapter II
in effect

42 U.S.C. § 18741 Battery processing and manufacturing

(a) DefinitionsIn this section:(1) Advanced batteryThe term “advanced battery” means a battery that consists of a battery cell that can be integrated into a module, pack, or system to be used in energy storage applications, including electric vehicles and the electric grid. (2) Advanced battery component(A) In generalThe term “advanced battery component” means a component of an advanced battery. (B) InclusionsThe term “advanced battery component” includes materials, enhancements, enclosures, anodes, cathodes, electrolytes, cells, and other associated technologies that comprise an advanced battery. (3) Battery materialThe term “battery material” means the raw and processed form of a mineral, metal, chemical, or other material used in an advanced battery component. (4) Eligible entityThe term “eligible entity” means an entity described in any of paragraphs (1) through (5) of section 16353(b) of this title. (5) Foreign entity of concernThe term “foreign entity of concern” means a foreign entity that is—(A) designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State under section 1189(a) of title 8; (B) included on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury (commonly known as the “SDN list”); (C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign country that is a covered nation (as defined in section 2533c(d) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 10); (D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been involved in activities for which a conviction was obtained under—(i) chapter 37 of title 18 (commonly known as the “Espionage Act”); (ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18; (iii) chapter 90 of title 18 (commonly known as the “Economic Espionage Act of 1996”); (iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); (v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and 22 So in original. Probably should be “or”. 2284); (vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or (vii) the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or (E) determined by the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. (6) ManufacturingThe term “manufacturing”, with respect to an advanced battery and an advanced battery component, means the industrial and chemical steps taken to produce that advanced battery or advanced battery component, respectively. (7) ProcessingThe term “processing”, with respect to battery material, means the refining of materials, including the treating, baking, and coating processes used to convert raw products into constituent materials employed directly in advanced battery manufacturing. (8) RecyclingThe term “recycling” means the recovery of materials from advanced batteries to be reused in similar applications, including the extracting, processing, and recoating of battery materials and advanced battery components. (b) Battery material processing grants(1) In generalNot later than 180 days after November 15, 2021, the Secretary shall establish within the Office of Fossil Energy a program, to be known as the “Battery Material Processing Grant Program” (referred to in this subsection as the “program”), under which the Secretary shall award grants in accordance with this subsection. (2) PurposesThe purposes of the program are—(A) to ensure that the United States has a viable battery materials processing industry to supply the North American battery supply chain; (B) to expand the capabilities of the United States in advanced battery manufacturing; (C) to enhance national security by reducing the reliance of the United States on foreign competitors for critical materials and technologies; and (D) to enhance the domestic processing capacity of minerals necessary for battery materials and advanced batteries. (3) Grants(A) In generalUnder the program, the Secretary shall award grants to eligible entities—(i) to carry out 1 or more demonstration projects in the United States for the processing of battery materials; (ii) to construct 1 or more new commercial-scale battery material processing facilities in the United States; and (iii) to retool, retrofit, or expand 1 or more existing battery material processing facilities located in the United States and determined qualified by the Secretary. (B) Amount limitationThe amount of a grant awarded under the program shall be not less than—(i) $50,000,000 for an eligible entity carrying out 1 or more projects described in subparagraph (A)(i); (ii) $100,000,000 for an eligible entity carrying out 1 or more projects described in subparagraph (A)(ii); and (iii) $50,000,000 for an eligible entity carrying out 1 or more projects described in subparagraph (A)(iii). (C) Priority; considerationIn awarding grants to eligible entities under the program, the Secretary shall—(i) give priority to an eligible entity that—(I) is located and operates in the United States; (II) is owned by a United States entity; (III) deploys North American-owned intellectual property and content; (IV) represents consortia or industry partnerships; and (V) will not use battery material supplied by or originating from a foreign entity of concern; and (ii) take into consideration whether a project—(I) provides workforce opportunities in low- and moderate-income communities; (II) encourages partnership with universities and laboratories to spur innovation and drive down costs; (III) partners with Indian Tribes; and (IV) takes into account—(aa) greenhouse gas emissions reductions and energy efficient battery material processing opportunities throughout the manufacturing process; and (bb) supply chain logistics. (4) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the program $3,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026, to remain available until expended. (c) Battery manufacturing and recycling grants(1) In generalNot later than 180 days after November 15, 2021, the Secretary shall establish within the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy a battery manufacturing and recycling grant program (referred to in this subsection as the “program”). (2) PurposeThe purpose of the program is to ensure that the United States has a viable domestic manufacturing and recycling capability to support and sustain a North American battery supply chain. (3) Grants(A) In generalUnder the program, the Secretary shall award grants to eligible entities—(i) to carry out 1 or more demonstration projects for advanced battery component manufacturing, advanced battery manufacturing, and recycling; (ii) to construct 1 or more new commercial-scale advanced battery component manufacturing, advanced battery manufacturing, or recycling facilities in the United States; and (iii) to retool, retrofit, or expand 1 or more existing facilities located in the United States and determined qualified by the Secretary for advanced battery component manufacturing, advanced battery manufacturing, and recycling. (B) Amount limitationThe amount of a grant awarded under the program shall be not less than—(i) $50,000,000 for an eligible entity carrying out 1 or more projects described in subparagraph (A)(i); (ii) $100,000,000 for an eligible entity carrying out 1 or more projects described in subparagraph (A)(ii); and (iii) $50,000,000 for an eligible entity carrying out 1 or more projects described in subparagraph (A)(iii). (C) Priority; considerationIn awarding grants to eligible entities under the program, the Secretary shall—(i) give priority to an eligible entity that—(I) is located and operates in the United States; (II) is owned by a United States entity; (III) deploys North American-owned intellectual property and content; (IV) represents consortia or industry partnerships; and (V)(aa) if the eligible entity will use the grant for advanced battery component manufacturing, will not use battery material supplied by or originating from a foreign entity of concern; or (bb) if the eligible entity will use the grant for battery recycling, will not export recovered critical materials to a foreign entity of concern; and (ii) take into consideration whether a project—(I) provides workforce opportunities in low- and moderate-income or rural communities; (II) provides workforce opportunities in communities that have lost jobs due to the displacements of fossil energy jobs; (III) encourages partnership with universities and laboratories to spur innovation and drive down costs; (IV) partners with Indian Tribes; (V) takes into account—(aa) greenhouse gas emissions reductions and energy efficient battery material processing opportunities throughout the manufacturing process; and (bb) supply chain logistics; and (VI) utilizes feedstock produced in the United States. (4) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the program $3,000,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026, to remain available until expended. (d) Reporting requirementsNot later than 1 year after November 15, 2021, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report on the grant programs established under subsections (b) and (c), including, with respect to each grant program, a description of—(1) the number of grant applications received; (2) the number of grants awarded and the amount of each award; (3) the purpose and status of each project carried out using a grant; and (4) any other information the Secretary determines necessary. (e) Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize Competition(1) In generalThe Secretary shall continue to carry out the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize Competition of the Department established pursuant to section 3719 of title 15 (referred to in this subsection as the “competition”). (2) Authorization of appropriations for pilot projects(A) In generalThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out Phase III of the competition, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2022, to remain available until expended. (B) Use of fundsThe Secretary may use amounts made available under subparagraph (A)—(i) to increase the number of winners of Phase III of the competition; (ii) to increase the amount awarded to each winner of Phase III of the competition; and (iii) to carry out any other activity that is consistent with the goals of Phase III of the competition, as determined by the Secretary. (f) Battery and critical mineral recycling(1) DefinitionsIn this subsection:(A) AdministratorThe term “Administrator” means the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency. (B) BatteryThe term “battery” means a device that—(i) consists of 1 or more electrochemical cells that are electrically connected; and (ii) is designed to store and deliver electric energy. (C) Battery producerThe term “battery producer” means, with respect to a covered battery or covered battery-containing product that is sold, offered for sale, or distributed for sale in the United States, including through retail, wholesale, business-to-business, and online sale, the following applicable entity:(i) A person who—(I) manufactures the covered battery or covered battery-containing product; and (II) sells or offers for sale the covered battery or covered battery-containing product under the brand of that person. (ii) If there is no person described in clause (i) with respect to the covered battery or covered battery-containing product, the owner or licensee of the brand under which the covered battery or covered battery-containing product is sold, offered for sale, or distributed, regardless of whether the trademark of the brand is registered. (iii) If there is no person described in clause (i) or (ii) with respect to the covered battery or covered battery-containing product, a person that imports the covered battery or covered battery-containing product into the United States for sale or distribution. (D) Covered batteryThe term “covered battery” means a new or unused primary battery or rechargeable battery. (E) Covered battery-containing productThe term “covered battery-containing product” means a new or unused product that contains or is packaged with a primary battery or rechargeable battery. (F) Critical mineralThe term “critical mineral” has the meaning given the term in section 1606(a) of title 30. (G) Primary batteryThe term “primary battery” means a nonrechargeable battery that weighs not more than 4.4 pounds, including an alkaline, carbon-zinc, and lithium metal battery. (H) Rechargeable battery(i) In generalThe term “rechargeable battery” means a battery that—(I) contains 1 or more voltaic or galvanic cells that are electrically connected to produce electric energy; (II) is designed to be recharged; (III) weighs not more than 11 pounds; and (IV) has a watt-hour rating of not more than 300 watt-hours. (ii) ExclusionsThe term “rechargeable battery” does not include a battery that—(I) contains electrolyte as a free liquid; or (II) employs lead-acid technology, unless that battery is sealed and does not contain electrolyte as a free liquid. (I) RecyclingThe term “recycling” means the series of activities—(i) during which recyclable materials are processed into specification-grade commodities, and consumed as raw-material feedstock, in lieu of virgin materials, in the manufacturing of new products; (ii) that may include collection, processing, and brokering; and (iii) that result in subsequent consumption by a materials manufacturer, including for the manufacturing of new products. (2) Battery recycling research, development, and demonstration grants(A) In generalThe Secretary, in coordination with the Administrator, shall award multiyear grants to eligible entities for research, development, and demonstration projects to create innovative and practical approaches to increase the reuse and recycling of batteries, including by addressing—(i) recycling activities; (ii) the development of methods to promote the design and production of batteries that take into full account and facilitate the dismantling, reuse, recovery, and recycling of battery components and materials; (iii) strategies to increase consumer acceptance of, and participation in, the recycling of batteries; (iv) the extraction or recovery of critical minerals from batteries that are recycled; (v) the integration of increased quantities of recycled critical minerals in batteries and other products to develop markets for recycled battery materials and critical minerals; (vi) safe disposal of waste materials and components recovered during the recycling process; (vii) the protection of the health and safety of all persons involved in, or in proximity to, recycling and reprocessing activities, including communities located near recycling and materials reprocessing facilities; (viii) mitigation of environmental impacts that arise from recycling batteries, including disposal of toxic reagents and byproducts related to recycling processes; (ix) protection of data privacy associated with collected covered battery-containing products; (x) the optimization of the value of material derived from recycling batteries; and (xi) the cost-effectiveness and benefits of the reuse and recycling of batteries and critical minerals. (B) Eligible entitiesThe Secretary, in coordination with the Administrator, may award a grant under subparagraph (A) to—(i) an institution of higher education; (ii) a National Laboratory; (iii) a Federal research agency; (iv) a State research agency; (v) a nonprofit organization; (vi) an industrial entity; (vii) a manufacturing entity; (viii) a private battery-collection entity; (ix) an entity operating 1 or more battery recycling activities; (x) a State or municipal government entity; (xi) a battery producer; (xii) a battery retailer; or (xiii) a consortium of 2 or more entities described in clauses (i) through (xii). (C) Applications(i) In generalTo be eligible to receive a grant under subparagraph (A), an eligible entity described in subparagraph (B) shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require. (ii) ContentsAn application submitted under clause (i) shall describe how the project will promote collaboration among—(I) battery producers and manufacturers; (II) battery material and equipment manufacturers; (III) battery recyclers, collectors, and refiners; and (IV) retailers. (D) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this paragraph $60,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026. (3) State and local programs(A) In generalThe Secretary, in coordination with the Administrator, shall establish a program under which the Secretary shall award grants, on a competitive basis, to States and units of local government to assist in the establishment or enhancement of State battery collection, recycling, and reprocessing programs. (B) Non-Federal cost shareThe non-Federal share of the cost of a project carried out using a grant under this paragraph shall be 50 percent of the cost of the project. (C) ReportNot later than 2 years after November 15, 2021, and annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that describes the number of battery collection points established or enhanced, an estimate of jobs created, and the quantity of material collected as a result of the grants awarded under subparagraph (A). (D) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this paragraph $50,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026. (4) Retailers as collection points(A) In generalThe Secretary shall award grants, on a competitive basis, to retailers that sell covered batteries or covered battery-containing products to establish and implement a system for the acceptance and collection of covered batteries and covered battery-containing products, as applicable, for reuse, recycling, or proper disposal. (B) Collection systemA system described in subparagraph (A) shall include take-back of covered batteries—(i) at no cost to the consumer; and (ii) on a regular, convenient, and accessible basis. (C) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out this paragraph $15,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026. (5) Task force on producer responsibilities(A) In generalThe Secretary, in coordination with the Administrator, shall convene a task force to develop an extended battery producer responsibility framework that—(i) addresses battery recycling goals, cost structures for mandatory recycling, reporting requirements, product design, collection models, and transportation of collected materials; (ii) provides sufficient flexibility to allow battery producers to determine cost-effective strategies for compliance with the framework; and (iii) outlines regulatory pathways for effective recycling. (B) Task force membersMembers of the task force convened under subparagraph (A) shall include—(i) battery producers, manufacturers, retailers, recyclers, and collectors or processors; (ii) States and municipalities; and (iii) other relevant stakeholders, such as environmental, energy, or consumer organizations, as determined by the Secretary. (C) ReportNot later than 1 year after the date on which the Secretary, in coordination with Administrator, convenes the task force under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that—(i) describes the extended producer responsibility framework developed by the task force; (ii) includes the recommendations of the task force on how best to implement a mandatory pay-in or other enforcement mechanism to ensure that battery producers and sellers are contributing to the recycling of batteries; and (iii) suggests regulatory pathways for effective recycling. (6) Effect on Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management ActNothing in this subsection, or any regulation, guideline, framework, or policy adopted or promulgated pursuant to this subsection, shall modify or otherwise affect the provisions of the Mercury-Containing and Rechargeable Battery Management Act (42 U.S.C. 14301 et seq.).

42 U.S.C. § 18742 Advanced energy manufacturing and recycling grant program

(a) DefinitionsIn this section:(1) Advanced energy propertyThe term “advanced energy property” means—(A) property designed to be used to produce energy from the sun, water, wind, geothermal or hydrothermal (as those terms are defined in section 17191 of this title) resources, enhanced geothermal systems (as defined in that section), or other renewable resources; (B) fuel cells, microturbines, or energy storage systems and components; (C) electric grid modernization equipment or components; (D) property designed to capture, remove, use, or sequester carbon oxide emissions; (E) equipment designed to refine, electrolyze, or blend any fuel, chemical, or product that is—(i) renewable; or (ii) low-carbon and low-emission; (F) property designed to produce energy conservation technologies (including for residential, commercial, and industrial applications); (G)(i) light-, medium-, or heavy-duty electric or fuel cell vehicles, electric or fuel cell locomotives, electric or fuel cell maritime vessels, or electric or fuel cell planes; (ii) technologies, components, and materials of those vehicles, locomotives, maritime vessels, or planes; and (iii) charging or refueling infrastructure associated with those vehicles, locomotives, maritime vessels, or planes; (H)(i) hybrid vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating of not less than 14,000 pounds; and (ii) technologies, components, and materials for those vehicles; and (I) other advanced energy property designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as may be determined by the Secretary. (2) Covered census tractThe term “covered census tract” means a census tract—(A) in which, after December 31, 1999, a coal mine had closed; (B) in which, after December 31, 2009, a coal-fired electricity generating unit had been retired; or (C) that is immediately adjacent to a census tract described in subparagraph (A) or (B). (3) Eligible entityThe term “eligible entity” means a manufacturing firm—(A) the gross annual sales of which are less than $100,000,000; (B) that has fewer than 500 employees at the plant site of the manufacturing firm; and (C) the annual energy bills of which total more than $100,000 but less than $2,500,000. (4) Minority-ownedThe term “minority-owned”, with respect to an eligible entity, means an eligible entity not less than 51 percent of which is owned by 1 or more individuals who are—(A) citizens of the United States; and (B) Asian American, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, African American, Hispanic, Puerto Rican, Native American, or Alaska Native. (5) ProgramThe term “Program” means the grant program established under subsection (b). (6) Qualifying advanced energy projectThe term “qualifying advanced energy project” means a project that—(A)(i) re-equips, expands, or establishes a manufacturing or recycling facility for the production or recycling, as applicable, of advanced energy property; or (ii) re-equips an industrial or manufacturing facility with equipment designed to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of that facility substantially below the greenhouse gas emissions under current best practices, as determined by the Secretary, through the installation of—(I) low- or zero-carbon process heat systems; (II) carbon capture, transport, utilization, and storage systems; (III) technology relating to energy efficiency and reduction in waste from industrial processes; or (IV) any other industrial technology that significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, as determined by the Secretary; (B) has a reasonable expectation of commercial viability, as determined by the Secretary; and (C) is located in a covered census tract. (b) EstablishmentNot later than 180 days after November 15, 2021, the Secretary shall establish a program to award grants to eligible entities to carry out qualifying advanced energy projects. (c) Applications(1) In generalEach eligible entity seeking a grant under the Program shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require, including a description of the proposed qualifying advanced energy project to be carried out using the grant. (2) Selection criteria(A) ProjectsIn selecting eligible entities to receive grants under the Program, the Secretary shall, with respect to the qualifying advanced energy projects proposed by the eligible entities, give higher priority to projects that—(i) will provide higher net impact in avoiding or reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases; (ii) will result in a higher level of domestic job creation (both direct and indirect) during the lifetime of the project; (iii) will result in a higher level of job creation in the vicinity of the project, particularly with respect to—(I) low-income communities (as described in section 45D(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986); and (II) dislocated workers who were previously employed in manufacturing, coal power plants, or coal mining; (iv) have higher potential for technological innovation and commercial deployment; (v) have a lower levelized cost of—(I) generated or stored energy; or (II) measured reduction in energy consumption or greenhouse gas emission (based on costs of the full supply chain); and (vi) have a shorter project time. (B) Eligible entitiesIn selecting eligible entities to receive grants under the Program, the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that are minority-owned. (d) Project completion and location; return of unobligated funds(1) Completion; return of unobligated fundsAn eligible entity that receives a grant under the Program shall be required—(A) to complete the qualifying advanced energy project funded by the grant not later than 3 years after the date of receipt of the grant funds; and (B) to return to the Secretary any grant funds that remain unobligated at the end of that 3-year period. (2) LocationIf the Secretary determines that an eligible entity awarded a grant under the Program has carried out the applicable qualifying advanced energy project at a location that is materially different from the location specified in the application for the grant, the eligible entity shall be required to return the grant funds to the Secretary. (e) Technical assistance(1) In generalNot later than 180 days after November 15, 2021, the Secretary shall provide technical assistance on a selective basis to eligible entities that are seeking a grant under the Program to enhance the impact of the qualifying advanced energy project to be carried out using the grant with respect to the selection criteria described in subsection (c)(2)(A). (2) ApplicationsAn eligible entity desiring technical assistance under paragraph (1) shall submit to the Secretary an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Secretary may require. (3) Factors for considerationIn selecting eligible entities for technical assistance under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall give higher priority to eligible entities that propose a qualifying advanced energy project that has greater potential for enhancement of the impact of the project with respect to the selection criteria described in subsection (c)(2)(A). (f) Publication of grantsThe Secretary shall make publicly available the identity of each eligible entity awarded a grant under the Program and the amount of the grant. (g) ReportNot later than 4 years after November 15, 2021, the Secretary shall—(1) review the grants awarded under the Program; and (2) submit to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report describing those grants. (h) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the Program $750,000,000 for the period of fiscal years 2022 through 2026.

42 U.S.C. § 18743 Critical minerals mining and recycling research

(a) DefinitionsIn this section:(1) Critical mineralThe term “critical mineral” has the meaning given the term in section 1606(a) of title 30. (2) Critical minerals and metalsThe term “critical minerals and metals” includes any host mineral of a critical mineral. (3) DirectorThe term “Director” means the Director of the Foundation. (4) End-to-endThe term “end-to-end”, with respect to the integration of mining or life cycle of minerals, means the integrated approach of, or the lifecycle determined by, examining the research and developmental process from the mining of the raw minerals to its processing into useful materials, its integration into components and devices, the utilization of such devices in the end-use application to satisfy certain performance metrics, and the recycling or disposal of such devices. (5) Foreign entity of concernThe term “foreign entity of concern” means a foreign entity that is—(A) designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State under section 1189(a) of title 8; (B) included on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury (commonly known as the SDN list); (C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign country that is a covered nation (as defined in section 2533c(d) 11 See References in Text note below. of title 10); (D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been involved in activities for which a conviction was obtained under—(i) chapter 37 of title 18 (commonly known as the “Espionage Act”); (ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18; (iii) chapter 90 of title 18 (commonly known as the “Economic Espionage Act of 1996)”; (iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); (v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and 22 So in original. Probably should be “or”. 2284); (vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or (vii) the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or (E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. (6) FoundationThe term “Foundation” means the National Science Foundation. (7) Institution of higher educationThe term “institution of higher education” has the meaning given the term in section 1001 of title 20. (8) National LaboratoryThe term “National Laboratory” has the meaning given the term in section 15801 of this title. (9) RecyclingThe term “recycling” means the process of collecting and processing spent materials and devices and turning the materials and devices into raw materials or components that can be reused either partially or completely. (10) Secondary recoveryThe term “secondary recovery” means the recovery of critical minerals and metals from discarded end-use products or from waste products produced during the metal refining and manufacturing process, including from mine waste piles, acid mine drainage sludge, or byproducts produced through legacy mining and metallurgy activities. (b) Critical minerals mining and recycling research and development(1) In generalIn order to support supply chain resiliency, the Secretary, in coordination with the Director, shall issue awards, on a competitive basis, to eligible entities described in paragraph (2) to support basic research that will accelerate innovation to advance critical minerals mining, recycling, and reclamation strategies and technologies for the purposes of—(A) making better use of domestic resources; and (B) eliminating national reliance on minerals and mineral materials that are subject to supply disruptions. (2) Eligible entitiesEntities eligible to receive an award under paragraph (1) are the following:(A) Institutions of higher education. (B) National Laboratories. (C) Nonprofit organizations. (D) Consortia of entities described in subparagraphs (A) through (C), including consortia that collaborate with private industry. (3) Use of fundsActivities funded by an award under this section may include—(A) advancing mining research and development activities to develop new mapping and mining technologies and techniques, including advanced critical mineral extraction and production—(i) to improve existing, or to develop new, supply chains of critical minerals; and (ii) to yield more efficient, economical, and environmentally benign mining practices; (B) advancing critical mineral processing research activities to improve separation, alloying, manufacturing, or recycling techniques and technologies that can decrease the energy intensity, waste, potential environmental impact, and costs of those activities; (C) advancing research and development of critical minerals mining and recycling technologies that take into account the potential end-uses and disposal of critical minerals, in order to improve end-to-end integration of mining and technological applications; (D) conducting long-term earth observation of reclaimed mine sites, including the study of the evolution of microbial diversity at those sites; (E) examining the application of artificial intelligence for geological exploration of critical minerals, including what size and diversity of data sets would be required; (F) examining the application of machine learning for detection and sorting of critical minerals, including what size and diversity of data sets would be required; (G) conducting detailed isotope studies of critical minerals and the development of more refined geologic models; or (H) providing training and research opportunities to undergraduate and graduate students to prepare the next generation of mining engineers and researchers. (c) Critical minerals interagency subcommittee(1) In generalIn order to support supply chain resiliency, the Critical Minerals Subcommittee of the National Science and Technology Council (referred to in this subsection as the “Subcommittee”) shall coordinate Federal science and technology efforts to ensure secure and reliable supplies of critical minerals to the United States. (2) PurposesThe purposes of the Subcommittee shall be—(A) to advise and assist the National Science and Technology Council, including the Committee on Homeland and National Security of the National Science and Technology Council, on United States policies, procedures, and plans relating to critical minerals, including—(i) Federal research, development, and deployment efforts to optimize methods for extractions, concentration, separation, and purification of conventional, secondary, and unconventional sources of critical minerals, including research that prioritizes end-to-end integration of mining and recycling techniques and the end-use target for critical minerals; (ii) efficient use and reuse of critical minerals, including recycling technologies for critical minerals and the reclamation of critical minerals from components, such as spent batteries; (iii) addressing the technology transitions between research or lab-scale mining and recycling and commercialization of these technologies; (iv) the critical minerals workforce of the United States; and (v) United States private industry investments in innovation and technology transfer from federally funded science and technology; (B) to identify emerging opportunities, stimulate international cooperation, and foster the development of secure and reliable supply chains of critical minerals, including activities relating to the reuse of critical minerals via recycling; (C) to ensure the transparency of information and data related to critical minerals; and (D) to provide recommendations on coordination and collaboration among the research, development, and deployment programs and activities of Federal agencies to promote a secure and reliable supply of critical minerals necessary to maintain national security, economic well-being, and industrial production. (3) ResponsibilitiesIn carrying out paragraphs (1) and (2), the Subcommittee may, taking into account the findings and recommendations of relevant advisory committees—(A) provide recommendations on how Federal agencies may improve the topographic, geologic, and geophysical mapping of the United States and improve the discoverability, accessibility, and usability of the resulting and existing data, to the extent permitted by law and subject to appropriate limitation for purposes of privacy and security; (B) assess the progress toward developing critical minerals recycling and reprocessing technologies; (C) assess the end-to-end lifecycle of critical minerals, including for mining, usage, recycling, and end-use material and technology requirements; (D) examine, and provide recommendations for, options for accessing and developing critical minerals through investment and trade with allies and partners of the United States; (E) evaluate and provide recommendations to incentivize the development and use of advances in science and technology in the private industry; (F) assess the need for, and make recommendations to address, the challenges the United States critical minerals supply chain workforce faces, including—(i) aging and retiring personnel and faculty; (ii) public perceptions about the nature of mining and mineral processing; and (iii) foreign competition for United States talent; (G) develop, and update as necessary, a strategic plan to guide Federal programs and activities to enhance—(i) scientific and technical capabilities across critical mineral supply chains, including a roadmap that identifies key research and development needs and coordinates ongoing activities for source diversification, more efficient use, recycling, and substitution for critical minerals; and (ii) cross-cutting mining science, data science techniques, materials science, manufacturing science and engineering, computational modeling, and environmental health and safety research and development; and (H) report to the appropriate committees of Congress on activities and findings under this subsection. (4) Mandatory responsibilitiesIn carrying out paragraphs (1) and (2), the Subcommittee shall, taking into account the findings and recommendations of relevant advisory committees, identify and evaluate Federal policies and regulations that restrict the mining of critical minerals. (d) Grant program for processing of critical minerals and development of critical minerals and metals(1) EstablishmentThe Secretary, in consultation with the Director, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary of Commerce, shall establish a grant program to finance pilot projects for—(A) the processing or recycling of critical minerals in the United States; or (B) the development of critical minerals and metals in the United States 33 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period. (2) Limitation on grant awardsA grant awarded under paragraph (1) may not exceed $10,000,000. (3) Economic viabilityIn awarding grants under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall give priority to projects that the Secretary determines are likely to be economically viable over the long term. (4) Secondary recoveryIn awarding grants under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall seek to award not less than 30 percent of the total amount of grants awarded during the fiscal year for projects relating to secondary recovery of critical minerals and metals. (5) Domestic priorityIn awarding grants for the development of critical minerals and metals under paragraph (1)(B), the Secretary shall prioritize pilot projects that will process the critical minerals and metals domestically. (6) Prohibition on processing by foreign entity of concernIn awarding grants under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall ensure that pilot projects do not export for processing any critical minerals and metals to a foreign entity of concern. (7) Authorization of appropriationsThere is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry out the grant program established under paragraph (1) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2021 through 2024.

42 U.S.C. § 18744 21st Century Energy Workforce Advisory Board

(a) EstablishmentThe Secretary shall establish a board, to be known as the “21st Century Energy Workforce Advisory Board”, to develop a strategy for the Department that, with respect to the role of the Department in the support and development of a skilled energy workforce—(1) meets the current and future industry and labor needs of the energy sector; (2) provides opportunities for students to become qualified for placement in traditional energy sector and emerging energy sector jobs; (3) identifies areas in which the Department can effectively utilize the technical expertise of the Department to support the workforce activities of other Federal agencies; (4) strengthens and engages the workforce training programs of the Department and the National Laboratories in carrying out the Equity in Energy Initiative of the Department and other Department workforce priorities; (5) develops plans to support and retrain displaced and unemployed energy sector workers; and (6) prioritizes education and job training for underrepresented groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, Indian Tribes, women, veterans, and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals. (b) Membership(1) In generalThe Board shall be composed of not fewer than 10 and not more than 15 members, with the initial members of the Board to be appointed by the Secretary not later than 1 year after November 15, 2021. (2) RequirementThe Board shall include not fewer than 1 representative of a labor organization with significant energy experience who has been nominated by a national labor federation. (3) QualificationsEach individual appointed to the Board under paragraph (1) shall have expertise in—(A) the field of economics or workforce development; (B) relevant traditional energy industries or emerging energy industries, including energy efficiency; (C) secondary or postsecondary education; (D) energy workforce development or apprenticeship programs of States or units of local government; (E) relevant organized labor organizations; or (F) bringing underrepresented groups, including racial and ethnic minorities, women, veterans, and socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals, into the workforce. (c) Advisory Board review and recommendations(1) Determination by BoardIn developing the strategy required under subsection (a), the Board shall—(A) determine whether there are opportunities to more effectively and efficiently use the capabilities of the Department in the development of a skilled energy workforce; (B) identify ways in which the Department could work with other relevant Federal agencies, States, units of local government, institutions of higher education, labor organizations, Indian Tribes and tribal organizations, and industry in the development of a skilled energy workforce, subject to applicable law; (C) identify ways in which the Department and National Laboratories can—(i) increase outreach to minority-serving institutions; and (ii) make resources available to increase the number of skilled minorities and women trained to go into the energy and energy-related manufacturing sectors; (iii) increase outreach to displaced and unemployed energy sector workers; and (iv) make resources available to provide training to displaced and unemployed energy sector workers to reenter the energy workforce; and (D)(i) identify the energy sectors in greatest need of workforce training; and (ii) in consultation with the Secretary of Labor, develop recommendations for the skills necessary to develop a workforce trained to work in those energy sectors. (2) Required analysisIn developing the strategy required under subsection (a), the Board shall analyze the effectiveness of—(A) existing Department-directed support; and (B) existing energy workforce training programs. (3) Report(A) In generalNot later than 1 year after the date on which the Board is established under this section, and biennially thereafter until the date on which the Board is terminated under subsection (f), the Board shall submit to the Secretary a report containing, with respect to the strategy required under subsection (a)—(i) the findings of the Board; and (ii) the proposed energy workforce strategy of the Board. (B) Response of the SecretaryNot later than 90 days after the date on which a report is submitted to the Secretary under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall—(i) submit to the Board a response to the report that—(I) describes whether the Secretary approves or disapproves of each recommendation of the Board under subparagraph (A); and (II) if the Secretary approves of a recommendation, provides an implementation plan for the recommendation; and (ii) submit to Congress—(I) the report of the Board under subparagraph (A); and (II) the response of the Secretary under clause (i). (C) Public availability of report(i) In generalThe Board shall make each report under subparagraph (A) available to the public on the earlier of—(I) the date on which the Board receives the response of the Secretary under subparagraph (B)(i); and (II) the date that is 90 days after the date on which the Board submitted the report to the Secretary. (ii) RequirementIf the Board has received a response to a report from the Secretary under subparagraph (B)(i), the Board shall make that response publicly available with the applicable report. (d) Report by the SecretaryNot later than 180 days before the date of expiration of a term of the Board under subsection (f), the Secretary shall submit to the Committees on Energy and Natural Resources and Appropriations of the Senate and the Committees on Energy and Commerce and Appropriations of the House of Representatives a report that—(1) describes the effectiveness and accomplishments of the Board during the applicable term; (2) contains a determination of the Secretary as to whether the Board should be renewed; and (3) if the Secretary determines that the Board should be renewed, any recommendations as to whether and how the scope and functions of the Board should be modified. (e) Outreach to minority-serving institutions, veterans, and displaced and unemployed energy workersIn developing the strategy under subsection (a), the Board shall—(1) give special consideration to increasing outreach to minority-serving institutions, veterans, and displaced and unemployed energy workers; (2) make resources available to—(A) minority-serving institutions, with the objective of increasing the number of skilled minorities and women trained to go into the energy and manufacturing sectors; (B) institutions that serve veterans, with the objective of increasing the number veterans in the energy industry by ensuring that veterans have the credentials and training necessary to secure careers in the energy industry; and (C) institutions that serve displaced and unemployed energy workers to increase the number of individuals trained for jobs in the energy industry; (3) encourage the energy industry to improve the opportunities for students of minority-serving institutions, veterans, and displaced and unemployed energy workers to participate in internships, preapprenticeships, apprenticeships, and cooperative work-study programs in the energy industry; and (4) work with the National Laboratories to increase the participation of underrepresented groups, veterans, and displaced and unemployed energy workers in internships, fellowships, training programs, and employment at the National Laboratories. (f) Term(1) In generalSubject to paragraph (2), the Board shall terminate on September 30, 2026. (2) ExtensionsThe Secretary may renew the Board for 1 or more 5-year periods by submitting, not later than the date described in subsection (d), a report described in that subsection that contains a determination by the Secretary that the Board should be renewed.

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