S.C. Code Ann. tit. 14, ch. 23

S.C. Code Ann. tit. 14, ch. 23
in effect

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-30 Election and term of judges.

The judges of the probate court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the respective counties for the term of four years. The election for such offices shall be held at each alternate general election, reckoning from the year 1890.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-40 Bond and oaths.

Judges of probate before receiving their commission shall take the constitutional oath of office and the additional oaths required of such officers by Section 8-3-20 and shall enter into bond in the sum of five thousand dollars, conditioned for the faithful discharge of the duties of the office, which shall be duly executed, approved, certified, recorded and filed as prescribed in Chapter 3 of Title 8. They shall qualify within thirty days after the election is declared. Editor's Note Attention is directed to the fact that the bond requirements of this section have been superseded by SECTION 14-23-1050.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-50 Filling of vacancies.

Vacancies for unexpired terms in the offices of judge of probate may be filled by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate, even though the unexpired term exceeds one year. Such appointments shall be for the unexpired term, however if the unexpired term from the date the vacancy occurs exceeds three years the appointment shall be until the next general election, at which time a successor shall be elected to fill the unexpired term.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-60 Clerk of court shall act until vacancy filled.

In case of any such vacancy the clerk of the circuit court of the county shall take charge of the office and all papers therein, discharge the same duties, receive the same fees and be subject to the same liabilities as by law provided for a judge of probate, until such vacancy shall be filled by appointment of the Governor or by an election, as the case may be.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-210 Appointment of times and places for holding courts; notice to interested parties.

Except as provided in Section 14-23-10 the probate court in each county shall appoint such times and places for holding court or for hearing any special matter as shall be judged most convenient for all persons interested and shall give notice of such times and places to the parties interested. Editor's Note This section should be read in conjunction with SECTION 14-23-1010.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-220 Court open at all times for certain business.

The probate court shall be deemed open at all times for the transaction of ordinary business which may be necessary, when previous notice is not required to be given to the persons interested. Editor's Note This section should be read in conjunction with SECTION 14-23-1010.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-230 Adjournment of court.

A probate court may be adjourned as occasion may require. When the judge is absent at the time for holding a court the clerk may adjourn it.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-250 Jurisdiction once acquired is exclusive.

When any probate court shall have first taken cognizance of the settlement of the estate of a deceased person, such court shall have jurisdiction of the disposition and settlement of all the personal estate of such deceased person to the exclusion of all other probate courts.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-260 Jurisdiction shall not be collaterally impeached.

The jurisdiction assumed by any probate court in any case, so far as it depends on the place of residence or the location of the estate, shall not be contested in any suit or proceeding whatever, except in an appeal from the probate court in the original case or when the want of jurisdiction appears on the record.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-280 Commencement of proceedings; procedure.

Proceedings in the court of probate may be commenced by petition or complaint to the judge of probate for the county to which the jurisdiction of the subject matter belongs, briefly setting forth the facts or grounds of the application. A summons shall be issued to the defendants in such proceedings. The manner of service, time for answering and other proceedings relating to the trial, except trial by jury, shall conform as nearly as may be to the practice in the courts of common pleas as provided in this Code.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-290 Court may issue warrants and processes.

Probate courts may issue all warrants and processes, in conformity to the rules of law, which may be necessary to compel the attendance of witnesses or to carry into effect any order, sentence or decree of such courts or the powers granted them by law.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-300 Judge may administer oaths, and take depositions, affidavits, and other instruments; fees.

The judge of probate, while in office, may administer oaths and take depositions, affidavits and probate of deeds and other instruments as fully and effectually as is done by clerks of court and notaries public, and his fees therefor shall be the same as those allowed by law to other officers for similar services.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-310 Judge may punish for contempt.

The judge may keep order in court and punish any contempt of his authority in like manner as such contempt might be punished in the circuit or Supreme Court.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-320 Power to commit to jail for refusal or neglect to perform order, sentence, or decree of court.

If any person shall refuse or neglect to perform any lawful order, sentence or decree of a probate court, such court may issue a warrant, directed to any sheriff or constable in the State, requiring him to apprehend and imprison such person in the common jail of the county or, if there be no jail in the county, then in the jail of the adjoining county, until he shall perform such order, sentence or decree or be delivered by due course of law.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-330 Taking and use of deposition.

When a witness whose testimony is necessary to be used before any probate court shall reside out of this State or out of the county where the court is held or more than thirty miles from the county seat, or when by reason of age or bodily infirmity any such witness shall be unable to attend in person, the court may issue a commission to one or more competent persons to take the testimony of such witness. Depositions taken according to the provisions of the law for taking depositions to be used on the trial of civil causes may be used on the trial of any question before the probate court when such testimony may be proper.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-340 Guardianship proceedings to be held in court of county where guardian was appointed.

All proceedings in relation to the property or estate of any person under guardianship shall be had in the court of probate of the county in which the guardian was appointed.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-360 Enrollment of order or decree for payment of money.

Any party in whose favor an order or decree for the payment of money may be made by a court of probate may cause such order or decree to be enrolled at any time within one year after the making of the same and for that purpose shall prepare and deliver to the judge of probate a brief or abstract, setting forth the title of the proceedings wherein such order or decree was made, the parties thereto, the date when the same was made and the names of the parties bound thereby, together with such other particulars as may be necessary to identify the order with the proceedings and to exhibit the grounds for making the same and the operation and effect thereof. The judge of probate shall annex thereto the order or decree or an exact copy thereof, certified by him, together with the time when the same was made and entered, shall endorse on the record the day of the month and year when the brief or abstract was lodged in his office and shall deposit the same in a case in his office with the records pertaining to the cause.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-370 Order or decree as a lien or a judgment.

No order or decree of any court of probate for the payment of money shall, as to third persons, without express notice, have any effect as a lien on the real estate of the person intended to be bound thereby but from the day when such a brief or abstract shall have been delivered to or lodged with the judge of probate as aforesaid and a transcript of the docket thereof in the index of money decrees as herein prescribed has been filed in the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas for the same county and duly entered by the clerk on the calendar of judgments kept in his office. Nor shall such order or decree rank as a judgment against the estate of any person deceased unless such abstract was duly filed and indexed and a transcript of the entry in the index filed with the clerk of the circuit court for the same county and duly docketed by the clerk on the calendar of judgments of the court of common pleas before the death of such deceased person. After the transcript of the docket in the index of money decrees has been duly entered upon the calendar of judgments kept in the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas such order or decree shall have like force and effect as judgments of the courts of common pleas.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-380 Effect of enrollment on appeal; execution of order or decree after notice of appeal; when enrollment must be amended or vacated.

Such enrollment of any order or decree for the payment of money shall not deprive any party thereto of the right to appeal therefrom, and when notice of such appeal shall be duly given, execution upon the order or decree, issued as herein provided, shall be lodged to bind only and shall not be enforced until such appeal shall have been dismissed. If such order or decree shall be reversed, set aside or modified on appeal, the enrollment thereof shall be amended or wholly vacated accordingly.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-390 Index of enrolled money decrees.

Every judge of probate shall provide and keep in his office an index of money decrees, in which every enrolled order or decree for the payment of money shall be entered, with the names of every party or estate bound thereby, alphabetically arranged, together with the names of the parties plaintiff, and which, beside the title of the package in which the order or decree is contained and the number in the package, shall exhibit the amount ordered to be paid, the costs (if any), date of enrollment, date of execution and date of satisfaction when satisfaction has been entered. Such book shall be of convenient size, of durable paper and well bound, and the expense of providing the same shall be defrayed by the governing bodies of the respective counties.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-400 Judges may issue executions.

Judges of the probate court may issue executions against property, when such process is necessary to carry into effect any order, sentence or decree of such court or for costs accruing therein. And they may issue executions against property in their respective counties to enforce decrees from the probate courts of other counties upon a transcript of such decree and certificate of enrollment of the same being filed in the office of the probate court from which such execution is to issue and also in the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas for the county in which it is to issue.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-410 Prerequisites to issuance of executions.

No execution shall be issued by any judge of probate to enforce the collection of money under any order or decree of a court of probate until an abstract or brief has been prepared and filed according to the direction of Sections 14-23-360 and 14-23-370, the proper minute thereof has been entered in the index of money decrees and the proper transcript of such minute has been filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court for such county and entered upon the calendar of judgments of the court of common pleas kept in his office.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-420 Recording satisfaction of execution.

When any such execution has been duly returned satisfied to the office of the judge of probate from whence it issued, the judge of such court of probate shall have such satisfaction recorded upon the proper transcript in the office of the clerk of the circuit court and entered upon the docket thereof on the calendar of judgments of the court of common pleas kept in said clerk's office.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-430 Form of warrant or process.

When no form of warrant or process is prescribed by statute or rules of court the probate judge shall frame one in conformity to the rules of law and the usual course of proceedings in this State.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-440 Sheriff or constable shall execute orders or process.

Any sheriff or constable in this State shall execute the orders or process of such court in the same manner as the orders or process of the circuit or Supreme Courts.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-620 Judge shall make search and furnish copies of records; certification; fees.

The judge of probate, when applied to, shall search for and examine any book, record or paper belonging to his office, shall furnish any person wanting the same with a copy or copies of any part thereof or of the whole or any part of any proceedings touching any estate in his care or custody as judge of probate aforesaid and shall certify the same. For such services he shall be allowed a fee at the rate of nine cents for each copy sheet of ninety words the copy furnished may contain and fifty cents for every certificate he shall so give.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-660 Manner of filing papers; index.

In filing papers in the judge of probate's office the case shall be divided into convenient apartments, which shall be numbered from one forward. The papers relating to the same estate shall be wrapped in an envelope as a package, shall bear a number and shall be endorsed in the name of the estate. A convenient number of packages shall be embraced in a strong envelope and constitute a bundle, bearing the number of the apartment of the case containing it. A complete alphabetical index shall be constructed with reference to the surname of the deceased person to whose estate the papers relate and of the executors and administrators. Opposite each name in such index shall be two columns, the one expressing the number of the apartment where the bundle is to be found and the other expressing the number of the package in such bundle which contains the papers relating to the estate named in the index.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-670 Clerk shall file account of money remaining in court.

At each stated session of the probate court the clerk thereof shall present an account to the court of all moneys remaining therein or subject to the order thereof, stating particularly on account of what cause or causes such moneys are deposited. Such account and the vouchers thereof shall be filed in court.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-680 Judge responsible for books, papers, and property of office; transfer to successor; violations.

Every judge of probate shall be responsible for the books and papers and also for the furniture in his office. Upon his retiring from office or upon his death, he or his representatives shall be bound to transfer the same to his successor immediately after such successor shall have entered upon the duties of the office, under a penalty of one thousand dollars, to be recovered by indictment, and of imprisonment not exceeding one year.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-690 Successor to issue receipt for books, papers, and property of retiring judge.

Before surrendering such books, papers and furniture the retiring judge of probate, or his representatives, shall be entitled to require a receipt therefor from such successor. Such receipt shall specify the number and title of every book and the number and description of every article of furniture, together with the order and condition of the books, papers and furniture. A duplicate of such receipt shall also be given, and shall by the retiring judge of probate or his representatives, be filed in the office of the clerk of the court of the county.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-700 Liability of retiring judge or representative for failure to account; appropriation of damages.

Every judge of probate retiring from office, or his representatives, shall be liable to an action, in the name of his successor, for damages for any books, papers or furniture proved to have been in his possession but not appearing by such receipt to have been transferred to his successor. Such damages, when recovered, shall be appropriated to the replacing of such books, papers or furniture or to the benefit of the parties who may have been injured by the loss thereof and an order for appropriating such damages shall be made by the court before which such action may be tried.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-710 Authority to make investments and loans; interest notes.

Any judge of probate may invest in, or lend money on the security of: Federal farm loan bonds issued by Federal land banks pursuant to the Federal Farm Loan Act as amended; bonds issued by the Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation pursuant to the provisions of an act of Congress known as the "Federal Farm Mortgage Corporation Act"; Federal Intermediate Credit Bank debentures issued pursuant to the Federal Farm Loan Act as amended; and debentures issued by Central Bank for Cooperatives and regional banks for cooperatives, organized under the Farm Credit Act of 1933, and any notes, bonds, debentures, or other similar obligations, consolidated or otherwise, issued by farm credit institutions pursuant to authorities contained in the Farm Credit Act of 1971 (Public Law 92-181) or by any of such banks. A judge of probate making an investment or loan authorized by this section shall not be chargeable in his account for a greater rate of interest than the amount actually received on the investment or loan.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1010 Establishment.

There is established in each of the counties of this State a probate court, which must be located at the county seat and must be open for the transaction of its business at all reasonable hours. The probate court of each county is part of the unified judicial system of this State.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1020 Election and term of judges; filling of vacancies.

There shall be a judge of probate for each probate court. The probate judge of each county holding office on June 30, 1976, shall continue to be such judge of probate until the expiration of his term of office at which time his successor shall be selected as provided by law for a term of four years and until his successor is elected and qualifies. Except as otherwise provided by this section, any vacancy in the office of probate judge shall be filled as provided by law.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1030 Associate judges.

In addition to the judge of probate, there shall be one or more associate judges of probate in any county whose governing body appropriates the funds therefor. Associate judges of probate shall be appointed by the judge of probate to serve at his pleasure for a term coterminous with his term. The associate judges have jurisdiction to hear and decide all matters assigned to them by the judge which are within the jurisdiction of the court. The judge is accountable and responsible for all acts of his associates within the scope of their duties.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1040 Only qualified county electors eligible to office of judge or associate judge.

No person is eligible to hold the office of judge of probate who is not at the time of his election a citizen of the United States and of this State, has not attained the age of twenty-one years upon his election, has not become a qualified elector of the county in which he is to be a judge, and has not received a four-year bachelor's degree from an accredited post-secondary institution or if he has received no degree he must have four years' experience as an employee in a probate judge's office in this State. Editor's Note NOTE: The provision of Section 14-23-1040 requiring a four-year college degree or four years' experience as an employee in a probate judge's office in the State in order to serve as a probate judge has not been precleared by the U.S. Department of Justice and cannot be put into effect. See Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, as amended. 1988 Act No. 678, Part II, SECTION 4, provides as follows: Section 14-23-1040 of the 1976 Code does not apply to probate judges presently holding office upon January 1, 1989.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1050 Bond.

Each judge of probate and associate probate judge shall, before assuming the duties of that office, enter into bond in the sum of one hundred thousand dollars conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of such office, which bond shall be executed and filed as prescribed in Chapter 3 of Title 8 of the 1976 Code.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1070 Appointment of deputies; powers.

Each judge of probate may from time to time appoint a deputy to act in his stead during his temporary absence, and in evidence of such appointment shall issue an order which shall be filed and recorded as herein provided. Each deputy so appointed shall have power, during the temporary absence of the judge of probate, to perform all the duties of his office; and all such acts, judgments, decrees, orders and licenses shall be done and issued in the name of the judge of probate by his deputy and when so done and issued shall have the same force and effect in law as if done and issued by the judge of probate. The judge of probate shall be accountable and responsible for all acts of his deputy within the scope of his duties, and may, at his pleasure, by order, remove any such deputy. All orders appointing or removing such deputy shall be recorded and indexed in the office of the judge of probate in a book to be kept for that purpose, available for public inspection.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1080 Judges shall not sit in certain cases.

No judge or associate judge shall sit in any case in which he has a vested interest, or in which he is biased or prejudiced in favor of or against any interested party, or in which he has been counsel or a material witness, or in the determination of any cause or proceeding in the administration or settlement of any estate under a will that he has prepared, or of any estate of any person in which he is interested as heir, legatee, executor, administrator, guardian or trustee. In every such case the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall appoint a special judge to sit in the matter.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1100 Duties of clerk.

The clerk shall keep a true and fair record of each order, sentence, decree and license issued by the court, and of all other things proper to be recorded. He shall also give true and attested copies of instruments, documents and records of the court. He may execute and issue in the name of the judge of probate the following: certificates of the appointment and qualification of administrators, executors, guardians, committees and testamentary trustees; certifications pertaining to, and certified copies of wills, all probate court records, and statements or stipulations pertaining thereto; warrants of appraisements in decedents' estates including appointment of appraisers; and marriage licenses. He shall provide for the publication of the citation required by law prior to the appointment of an administrator, and for the issuance and filing in the office of the clerk of the court of common pleas or of the register of mesne conveyance and the office of the county auditor the index forms required by law pertaining to the devise or descent of real property. He shall prepare and execute all forms necessary to obtain payment of insurance benefits in connection with intestate estate being administered by the probate court as provided by law. He may examine, vouch, and approve uncontested accountings, and may execute and submit requisitions and claim warrants for supplies and material needed for the operation of the court. He may take acknowledgments and administer oaths, and, subject to the control of the judge, may issue notices and make all necessary orders for the hearing of any matter to be heard in the court. If a matter is not contested, he may hear and determine it and make all orders, judgments and decrees in connection therewith which the judge could make, subject to the same being set aside or modified by the judge at any time within thirty days thereafter; and if not so set aside or modified such orders, judgments and decrees made by the clerk shall have the same effect as if made by the judge. No person shall practice as an attorney or counselor at law in the court of which he is clerk. Nothing in this section may be construed to preclude use of a computer system or related equipment by a clerk of court in performance of the duties prescribed in this section.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1110 Practice of law by judges or associate judges.

No judge or associate judge of probate shall act as attorney or counsel or receive fees as such in any matter pending or originating in his court.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1120 Court of record; seal.

The court of probate shall be a court of record and shall have a seal bearing the name of such court, which seal shall be impressed upon all orders, decrees and licenses issued by such court. Except as otherwise provided by law, the records of the court of probate shall at all times be subject to inspection by any person interested therein.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1130 Books, office equipment, office space, support personnel; index books.

The governing body of each county shall provide and the judge of probate shall keep the seal of the probate court, the necessary office equipment of the probate court, and those books as are necessary for keeping the records of the probate court and for reference to these records, including index books, appropriately labeled, referring to the records of the probate court pertaining to: 1. wills; 2. intestate estates; 3. estates of minors and incompetents; 4. bonds; 5. inventories and appraisements; 6. returns or accountings; 7. liens; 8. admissions and commitments to facilities for the care and treatment of mentally ill, persons with intellectual disability, alcoholics, and drug addicts; 9. marriage licenses and marriages; 10. decrees; 11. general or miscellaneous matters. In addition, the governing body of each county shall provide office space and additional support personnel necessary for the orderly conduct of the business of the probate court. If the probate court maintains the original of a document in the master file of a matter and a copy of that document on microfilm, a computer system, or on another similar system, it is not necessary for the probate court to maintain a second separate record with copies of those types of documents, provided a general index or an index for those types of documents is maintained.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1140 Rules and regulations governing practice, procedure, and conduct of business.

The Supreme Court shall have the power by rule to regulate the practice, procedure, and conduct of business in the courts of probate. Provided, however, that the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities may by rule and regulation prescribe the form of admission documents to facilities of the Office of Mental Health and the Office of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Code Commissioner's Note At the direction of the Code Commissioner, certain references in the S.C. Code to the State Department of Mental Health, South Carolina Mental Health Commission, Department of Disabilities and Special Needs, Department of Disabilities and Special Needs Commission, Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services, and other related terms were changed to reflect the restructuring of these agencies into component offices under the Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities, pursuant to 2025 Act No. 3, SECTION 18.

S.C. Code Ann. § 14-23-1150 Jurisdiction of judges.

Every judge of probate, in his county, shall have jurisdiction: (a) as provided in Sections 62-1-301 and 62-1-302, and other applicable sections of the South Carolina Probate Code; (b) to issue marriage licenses, in form as provided by the bureau of vital statistics of the Department of Health and Environmental Control; to record, index, and dispose of copies of marriage certificates; and to issue certified copies of such licenses and certificates; (c) to perform the duties of the clerk of the court of common pleas in proceedings in eminent domain for the acquisition of rights-of-way by railway or canal companies when such clerk is disqualified by reason of ownership of or interest in any lands over which it is sought to obtain such right-of-way; (d) to inquire into and adjudge, in such proceedings as may be authorized by law, the involuntary commitment of persons suffering from mental illness, intellectual disability, alcoholism, drug addiction, and active pulmonary tuberculosis.
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