Proof by handwriting - When received - Requirements
N.D. Cent. Code § 47-19-23
in effect47-19-23. Proof by handwriting - When received - Requirements
The execution of an instrument may be established by proof of the handwriting of the party
and of a subscribing witness, if there is one, in the following cases:
1. When the parties and all the subscribing witnesses are dead;
2. When the parties and all the subscribing witnesses are nonresidents of the state;
3. When the place of their residence is unknown to the party desiring the proof and
cannot be ascertained by the exercise of due diligence;
4. When the subscribing witness is concealed, or cannot be found by the officer by the
exercise of due diligence in attempting to serve a subpoena or attachment; or
5. In case of the continued failure or refusal of the witness to testify for the space of one
hour after the witness's appearance.
Source: Open US Law by Vaquill AI (CC BY 4.0)URL: https://ndlegis.gov/cencode/t47c19.pdf#nameddest=47-19-23Fetched: 10/16/2026