MASS LAYOFFS AND BUSINESS CLOSINGS

RCW 49.45

in effect

RCW 49.45.010 Definitions.

*** CHANGE IN 2026 *** (SEE 6106.SL ) *** The definitions in this section apply throughout this chapter unless the context clearly requires otherwise. (1) "Affected employee" means an employee who may reasonably expect to experience an employment loss because of a proposed business closing or mass layoff by an employer. (2) "Aggrieved employee" means an employee who has worked for the employer ordering the business closing or mass layoff and who, because of the employer's failure to comply with the requirements of chapter 277, Laws of 2025, did not receive timely notice either directly or through the employee's representative. (3) "Bargaining representative" means an exclusive representative of employees under the national labor relations act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq., or the railway labor act, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq. (4) "Business closing" means the permanent or temporary shutdown of a single site of employment of one or more facilities or operating units that will result in an employment loss for 50 or more employees, excluding part-time employees. (5) "Commissioner" means the commissioner of the employment security department. (6) "Department" means the employment security department. (7) "Employee" means a person employed in this state by an employer. "Employee" includes part-time employees. (8) "Employer" means a person who employs 50 or more employees in this state, excluding part-time employees. "Employer" does not include the state or any political subdivision thereof, including any unit of local government. (9)(a) "Employment loss" means: (i) An employment termination, other than a discharge for cause, voluntary separation, or retirement; (ii) A layoff exceeding six months; or (iii) A reduction in hours of more than 50 percent of work of individual employees during each month of a six-month period. (b) "Employment loss" does not include instances when a business closing or mass layoff is the result of the relocation or consolidation of part or all of the employer's business and, before the business closing or mass layoff, the employer offers to transfer the employee to a different site of employment within a reasonable commuting distance, as defined by the department, with no more than a six-month break in employment. (10) "Mass layoff" means a reduction in employment force that is not the result of a business closing and results in an employment loss during any 30-day period of 50 or more employees, excluding part-time employees. (11) "Part-time employee" means an employee who is employed for an average of fewer than 20 hours per week, or an employee who has been employed for fewer than six of the twelve months preceding the date on which notice is required. However, if an applicable collective bargaining agreement defines a part-time employee, such definition shall supersede the definition in this subsection. (12) "Single site of employment" means a single location or a group of contiguous locations, such as a group of structures that form a campus or business park or separate facilities across the street from each other. The definitions in this section apply throughout this chapter unless the context clearly requires otherwise. (1) "Affected employee" means an employee who may reasonably expect to experience an employment loss because of a proposed business closing or mass layoff by an employer. (2) "Aggrieved employee" means an employee who has worked for the employer ordering the business closing or mass layoff and who, because of the employer's failure to comply with the requirements of chapter 277, Laws of 2025, did not receive timely notice either directly or through the employee's representative. (3) "Bargaining representative" means an exclusive representative of employees under the national labor relations act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq., or the railway labor act, 45 U.S.C. Sec. 151 et seq. (4) "Business closing" means the permanent or temporary shutdown of a single site of employment of one or more facilities or operating units that will result in an employment loss for 50 or more employees, excluding part-time employees. (5) "Commissioner" means the commissioner of the employment security department. (6) "Department" means the employment security department. (7) "Employee" means a person employed in this state by an employer. "Employee" includes part-time employees. (8) "Employer" means a person who employs 50 or more employees in this state, excluding part-time employees. "Employer" does not include the state or any political subdivision thereof, including any unit of local government. (9)(a) "Employment loss" means: (i) An employment termination, other than a discharge for cause, voluntary separation, or retirement; (ii) A layoff exceeding six months; or (iii) A reduction in hours of more than 50 percent of work of individual employees during each month of a six-month period. (b) "Employment loss" does not include instances when a business closing or mass layoff is the result of the relocation or consolidation of part or all of the employer's business and, before the business closing or mass layoff, the employer offers to transfer the employee to a different site of employment within a reasonable commuting distance, as defined by the department, with no more than a six-month break in employment. (10) "Mass layoff" means a reduction in employment force that is not the result of a business closing and results in an employment loss during any 30-day period of 50 or more employees, excluding part-time employees. (11) "Part-time employee" means an employee who is employed for an average of fewer than 20 hours per week, or an employee who has been employed for fewer than six of the twelve months preceding the date on which notice is required. However, if an applicable collective bargaining agreement defines a part-time employee, such definition shall supersede the definition in this subsection. (12) "Single site of employment" means a single location or a group of contiguous locations, such as a group of structures that form a campus or business park or separate facilities across the street from each other.

RCW 49.45.020 Notice requirement.

*** CHANGE IN 2026 *** (SEE 6106.SL ) *** (1)(a) Subject to RCW 49.45.030 , an employer may not order a business closing or a mass layoff until the end of a 60-day period that begins after the employer, pursuant to this section, serves written notice of such action to the department and to the affected employee or, if the employee is represented by a union, to the employee's bargaining representative. (b) An employer who has previously announced and carried out a short-term mass layoff of three months or less that is extended beyond three months due to business circumstances not reasonably foreseeable at the time of the initial mass layoff is required to give notice when it becomes reasonably foreseeable that the extension is required. A mass layoff extending beyond three months from the date the mass layoff commenced for any other reason must be treated as an employment loss from the date of commencement of the initial mass layoff. (c) In the case of the sale of part or all of a business, the seller is responsible for providing notice of any business closing or mass layoff which will take place up to and on the effective date of the sale. The buyer is responsible for providing notice of any business closing or mass layoff that will take place thereafter. (2) Notice from the employer to the department or affected employees or, if the employees are represented, the employees' bargaining representative must be in written form, include the elements required, as they exist on July 27, 2025, by the federal worker adjustment and retraining notification act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 2101 et seq., and include the following: (a) The name and address of the employment site where the business closing or mass layoff will occur, and the name and contact information of a company official to contact for further information; (b) A statement whether the planned action is expected to be permanent or temporary and, if the entire business is to be closed, a statement to that effect. If the planned action is expected to be temporary, the statement must also include whether the planned action is expected to last longer or shorter than three months; (c) The expected date of the first employment loss and the anticipated schedule for employment losses; (d) The job titles of positions to be affected and the names of the employees currently holding the affected jobs. The notice to the department must also include the addresses of the affected employees; and (e) Whether the mass layoff or business closing is the result of, or will result in, the relocation or contracting out of the employer's operations or the employees' positions. (3) The employer must provide additional notice of the date or schedule of dates of a planned business closing or mass layoff extended beyond the date of any period announced in the original notice. (1)(a) Subject to RCW 49.45.030 , an employer may not order a business closing or a mass layoff until the end of a 60-day period that begins after the employer, pursuant to this section, serves written notice of such action to the department and to the affected employee or, if the employee is represented by a union, to the employee's bargaining representative. (b) An employer who has previously announced and carried out a short-term mass layoff of three months or less that is extended beyond three months due to business circumstances not reasonably foreseeable at the time of the initial mass layoff is required to give notice when it becomes reasonably foreseeable that the extension is required. A mass layoff extending beyond three months from the date the mass layoff commenced for any other reason must be treated as an employment loss from the date of commencement of the initial mass layoff. (c) In the case of the sale of part or all of a business, the seller is responsible for providing notice of any business closing or mass layoff which will take place up to and on the effective date of the sale. The buyer is responsible for providing notice of any business closing or mass layoff that will take place thereafter. (2) Notice from the employer to the department or affected employees or, if the employees are represented, the employees' bargaining representative must be in written form, include the elements required, as they exist on July 27, 2025, by the federal worker adjustment and retraining notification act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 2101 et seq., and include the following: (a) The name and address of the employment site where the business closing or mass layoff will occur, and the name and contact information of a company official to contact for further information; (b) A statement whether the planned action is expected to be permanent or temporary and, if the entire business is to be closed, a statement to that effect. If the planned action is expected to be temporary, the statement must also include whether the planned action is expected to last longer or shorter than three months; (c) The expected date of the first employment loss and the anticipated schedule for employment losses; (d) The job titles of positions to be affected and the names of the employees currently holding the affected jobs. The notice to the department must also include the addresses of the affected employees; and (e) Whether the mass layoff or business closing is the result of, or will result in, the relocation or contracting out of the employer's operations or the employees' positions. (3) The employer must provide additional notice of the date or schedule of dates of a planned business closing or mass layoff extended beyond the date of any period announced in the original notice.

RCW 49.45.030 Exceptions to notice requirement.

(1) An employer is not required to comply with the notice requirements under RCW 49.45.020 if: (a)(i) At the time the notice would have been required, the employer was actively seeking capital or business; (ii) The capital or business sought, if obtained, would have enabled the employer to avoid or postpone the business closing or mass layoff; and (iii) The employer reasonably and in good faith believed that giving the notice required by RCW 49.45.020 would have precluded the employer from obtaining the needed capital or business; (b) The mass layoff or business closing is caused by business circumstances that were not reasonably foreseeable at the time the notice would have been required. The unforeseeable business circumstances must be caused by a sudden, dramatic, and unexpected action or condition outside of the employer's control; (c) The mass layoff or business closing is due to a natural disaster, such as a flood, earthquake, drought, storm, tornado, or similar effects of nature; or (d) The mass layoff occurs at: (i) A construction project and the affected employees were hired with the understanding that their employment was limited to the duration of a particular portion of that construction project; or (ii) A multiemployer construction project and the only affected employees are subject to a full union referral or dispatch system. (2) If an exception under this section applies for only part of the 60-day notice window, notice is required at the time the exception no longer applies. If notice is not provided, the employer is liable for each day notice is not provided pursuant to RCW 49.45.040 and 49.45.050 . (3) The department may not determine an exception under this section applies unless the employer meets the documentation and other requirements established by the department pursuant to RCW 49.45.070 . (1) An employer is not required to comply with the notice requirements under RCW 49.45.020 if: (a)(i) At the time the notice would have been required, the employer was actively seeking capital or business; (ii) The capital or business sought, if obtained, would have enabled the employer to avoid or postpone the business closing or mass layoff; and (iii) The employer reasonably and in good faith believed that giving the notice required by RCW 49.45.020 would have precluded the employer from obtaining the needed capital or business; (b) The mass layoff or business closing is caused by business circumstances that were not reasonably foreseeable at the time the notice would have been required. The unforeseeable business circumstances must be caused by a sudden, dramatic, and unexpected action or condition outside of the employer's control; (c) The mass layoff or business closing is due to a natural disaster, such as a flood, earthquake, drought, storm, tornado, or similar effects of nature; or (d) The mass layoff occurs at: (i) A construction project and the affected employees were hired with the understanding that their employment was limited to the duration of a particular portion of that construction project; or (ii) A multiemployer construction project and the only affected employees are subject to a full union referral or dispatch system. (2) If an exception under this section applies for only part of the 60-day notice window, notice is required at the time the exception no longer applies. If notice is not provided, the employer is liable for each day notice is not provided pursuant to RCW 49.45.040 and 49.45.050 . (3) The department may not determine an exception under this section applies unless the employer meets the documentation and other requirements established by the department pursuant to RCW 49.45.070 .

RCW 49.45.040 Violations of notice requirement — Liability — Civil action.

(1) An employer that orders a business closing or mass layoff without providing a notice required by RCW 49.45.020 is liable to each aggrieved employee who suffers an employment loss because of the closing or layoff for: (a) Back pay for each day of violation not less than the higher of: (i) The average regular rate of compensation received by the employee during the last three years of the employee's employment; or (ii) The employee's final rate of compensation; and (b) The value of the cost of any benefits to which the employee would have been entitled had their employment not been lost, including the cost of any medical expenses incurred by the employee that would have been covered under an employee benefit plan. (2) Liability under this section must be calculated for the period of the employer's violation up to a maximum of 60 days. (3) The amount for which an employer is liable under this section must be reduced by: (a) Any wages paid by the employer to the employee during the period of the violation; (b) Any voluntary and unconditional payment by the employer to the employee that is not required by any legal obligation; (c) The amount paid to the employee pursuant to the federal worker adjustment and retraining notification act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 2101 et seq.; and (d) Any payment by the employer to a third party or trustee, such as premiums for health benefits or payments to a defined contribution pension plan, on behalf and attributable to the employee for the period of the violation. (4)(a) The department, an aggrieved employee, or the bargaining representative of the aggrieved employee may bring a civil action on behalf of the person, other persons similarly situated, or both, in any court of competent jurisdiction within three years of the alleged violation. The court may award reasonable attorneys' fees as part of costs to any plaintiff who prevails in a civil action brought under this chapter. (b) If the court determines that an employer conducted a reasonable investigation in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe that its conduct was not a violation of this chapter, the court may reduce the amount of any penalty it would otherwise impose against the employer under this chapter. (c) This chapter does not grant any court the authority to enjoin a mass layoff or business closing. (1) An employer that orders a business closing or mass layoff without providing a notice required by RCW 49.45.020 is liable to each aggrieved employee who suffers an employment loss because of the closing or layoff for: (a) Back pay for each day of violation not less than the higher of: (i) The average regular rate of compensation received by the employee during the last three years of the employee's employment; or (ii) The employee's final rate of compensation; and (b) The value of the cost of any benefits to which the employee would have been entitled had their employment not been lost, including the cost of any medical expenses incurred by the employee that would have been covered under an employee benefit plan. (2) Liability under this section must be calculated for the period of the employer's violation up to a maximum of 60 days. (3) The amount for which an employer is liable under this section must be reduced by: (a) Any wages paid by the employer to the employee during the period of the violation; (b) Any voluntary and unconditional payment by the employer to the employee that is not required by any legal obligation; (c) The amount paid to the employee pursuant to the federal worker adjustment and retraining notification act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 2101 et seq.; and (d) Any payment by the employer to a third party or trustee, such as premiums for health benefits or payments to a defined contribution pension plan, on behalf and attributable to the employee for the period of the violation. (4)(a) The department, an aggrieved employee, or the bargaining representative of the aggrieved employee may bring a civil action on behalf of the person, other persons similarly situated, or both, in any court of competent jurisdiction within three years of the alleged violation. The court may award reasonable attorneys' fees as part of costs to any plaintiff who prevails in a civil action brought under this chapter. (b) If the court determines that an employer conducted a reasonable investigation in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe that its conduct was not a violation of this chapter, the court may reduce the amount of any penalty it would otherwise impose against the employer under this chapter. (c) This chapter does not grant any court the authority to enjoin a mass layoff or business closing.

RCW 49.45.050 Violations of notice requirement — Penalties.

(1) An employer who fails to give the notice required by RCW 49.45.020 to the department is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $500 for each day of the employer's violation. However, the employer is not subject to a civil penalty under this section if the employer pays to all applicable employees the amounts for which the employer is liable under RCW 49.45.040 within three weeks from the date the employer orders the mass layoff, relocation, or termination. (2) Any civil penalty paid by the employer under the federal worker adjustment and retraining notification act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 2101 et seq., must be considered a payment of the civil penalty under this section. (3) All penalties recovered under this section must be paid into the state treasury and credited to the general fund. (1) An employer who fails to give the notice required by RCW 49.45.020 to the department is subject to a civil penalty of not more than $500 for each day of the employer's violation. However, the employer is not subject to a civil penalty under this section if the employer pays to all applicable employees the amounts for which the employer is liable under RCW 49.45.040 within three weeks from the date the employer orders the mass layoff, relocation, or termination. (2) Any civil penalty paid by the employer under the federal worker adjustment and retraining notification act, 29 U.S.C. Sec. 2101 et seq., must be considered a payment of the civil penalty under this section. (3) All penalties recovered under this section must be paid into the state treasury and credited to the general fund.

RCW 49.45.060 Paid family or medical leave protection.

Except in the cases exempted under RCW 49.45.030 (1) (b) through (d), an employer may not include an employee in an order of a mass layoff if the employee is currently on paid family or medical leave under Title 50A RCW. Except in the cases exempted under RCW 49.45.030 (1) (b) through (d), an employer may not include an employee in an order of a mass layoff if the employee is currently on paid family or medical leave under Title 50A RCW.

RCW 49.45.070 Rules.

The department shall administer and enforce the provisions of this chapter and may adopt rules to carry out its purpose. Rules adopted pursuant to this section must include documentation requirements for the exceptions in RCW 49.45.030 . The department shall administer and enforce the provisions of this chapter and may adopt rules to carry out its purpose. Rules adopted pursuant to this section must include documentation requirements for the exceptions in RCW 49.45.030 .

RCW 49.45.900 Short title — 2025 c 277.

Chapter 277, Laws of 2025 may be known and cited as the securing timely notification and benefits for laid-off employees act. Chapter 277, Laws of 2025 may be known and cited as the securing timely notification and benefits for laid-off employees act.

Source: WA Statutes (Official Site)URL: https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=49.45&full=trueFetched: 6/29/2026