Va. Code Ann. tit. 10.1, ch. 12.2

in effect

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1238 Definitions

As used in this chapter, unless the context requires a different meaning: "Activity and use limitations" means restrictions or obligations created under this chapter with respect to real property. "Agency" means the Department of Environmental Quality or any other state or federal agency that determines or approves the environmental response project pursuant to which the environmental covenant is created. "Common interest community" means a condominium, cooperative, or other real property with respect to which a person, by virtue of the person's ownership of a parcel of real property, is obligated to pay property taxes or insurance premiums, for maintenance or improvement of other real property described in a recorded covenant that creates the common interest community. "Department" means the Department of Environmental Quality. "Environmental covenant" means a servitude arising under an environmental response project that imposes activity and use limitations. "Environmental response project" means a plan or work performed for environmental remediation of real property and conducted: 1. Under a federal or state program governing environmental remediation of real property; 2. Incident to closure of a solid or hazardous waste management unit, if the closure is conducted with approval of an agency; or 3. Under a state voluntary clean-up program including the Brownfield Restoration and Land Renewal Act (§ 10.1-1230 et seq.). "Holder" means the grantee of an environmental covenant as specified in subsection A of § 10.1-1239 . "Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, public corporation, government, governmental subdivision, agency or instrumentality, or any other legal or commercial entity. "Record," used as a noun, means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form. "State" means a state of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1239 Nature of rights; subordination of interests

A. Any person, including a person that owns an interest in the real property, the agency, or a municipality or other unit of local government, may be a holder. An environmental covenant may identify more than one holder. The interest of a holder is an interest in real property. B. A right of an agency under this chapter or under an environmental covenant, other than a right as a holder, is not an interest in real property. C. An agency is bound by any obligation it assumes in an environmental covenant, but an agency does not assume obligations merely by signing an environmental covenant. Any other person that signs an environmental covenant is bound by the obligations the person assumes in the covenant, but signing the covenant does not change obligations, rights, or protections granted or imposed under law other than this chapter except as provided in the covenant. D. The following rules apply to interests in real property in existence at the time an environmental covenant is created or amended: 1. An interest that has priority under other law is not affected by an environmental covenant unless the person that owns the interest subordinates that interest to the covenant. 2. This chapter does not require a person that owns a prior interest to subordinate that interest to an environmental covenant or to agree to be bound by the covenant. 3. A subordination agreement may be contained in an environmental covenant covering real property or in a separate record. If the environmental covenant covers commonly owned property in a common interest community, the record may be signed by any person authorized by the governing board of the owners' association. 4. An agreement by a person to subordinate a prior interest to an environmental covenant affects the priority of that person's interest but does not by itself impose any affirmative obligation on the person with respect to the environmental covenant or affect that person's existing liability. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1240 Contents of environmental covenant

A. An environmental covenant shall: 1. State that the instrument is an environmental covenant executed pursuant to the Uniform Environmental Covenants Act (§ 10.1-1238 et seq. of the Code of Virginia); 2. Contain a legally sufficient description of the real property subject to the covenant; 3. Describe the activity and use limitations on the real property; 4. Identify every holder; 5. Be signed by the agency, every holder, and, unless waived by the agency, every owner of the fee simple of the real property subject to the covenant; and 6. Identify the name and location of any administrative record for the environmental response project reflected in the environmental covenant. B. In addition to the information required by subsection A, an environmental covenant may contain other information, restrictions, and requirements agreed to by the persons who signed it, including: 1. Any requirements for notice following transfer of a specified interest in, or concerning proposed changes in use of, applications for building permits for, or proposals for any site work affecting the contamination on, the property subject to the covenant; 2. Any requirements for periodic reporting describing compliance with the covenant, including a requirement that a qualified and certified professional engineer inspect, investigate and report on the compliance with the covenant; 3. Any rights of access to the property granted in connection with implementation or enforcement of the covenant; 4. A brief narrative description of the contamination and remedy, including the contaminants of concern, the pathways of exposure, limits on exposure, and the location and extent of the contamination; 5. Any limitations on amendment or termination of the covenant in addition to those contained in §§ 10.1-1245 and 10.1-1246 ; and 6. Any rights of the holder in addition to its right to enforce the covenant pursuant to § 10.1-1247 . C. In addition to other conditions for approval of an environmental covenant, the agency may require those persons specified by the agency who have interests in the real property to sign the covenant. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1241 Effect on other instruments; validity

A. An environmental covenant that complies with this chapter runs with the land. B. An environmental covenant that is otherwise effective is valid and enforceable even if: 1. It is not appurtenant to an interest in real property; 2. It can be or has been assigned to a person other than the original holder; 3. It is not of a character that has been recognized traditionally at common law; 4. It imposes a negative burden; 5. It imposes an affirmative obligation on a person having an interest in the real property or on the holder; 6. The benefit or burden does not touch or concern real property; 7. There is no privity of estate or contract; 8. The holder dies, ceases to exist, resigns, or is replaced; or 9. The owner of an interest subject to the environmental covenant and the holder are the same person. C. An instrument that creates restrictions or obligations with respect to real property that would qualify as activity and use limitations except for the fact that the instrument was recorded before the effective date of this chapter is not invalid or unenforceable because of any of the limitations on enforcement of interests described in subsection B or because it was identified as an easement, servitude, deed restriction, or other interest. This chapter does not apply in any other respect to such an instrument. D. This chapter does not invalidate or render unenforceable any interest, whether designated as an environmental covenant or other interest, that is otherwise enforceable under the law of the Commonwealth. E. An environmental covenant pursuant to this chapter may be utilized only when agreed to by the agencies, owners, and holders to such covenant. When restrictions and obligations are imposed on real property in connection with an environmental response project, they may be drafted and recorded in any manner permissible under the laws of Virginia. This chapter applies only to activity and use limitations drafted and recorded in accordance with the provisions of this chapter. 2010, c. 691 ; 2012, c. 278 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1242 Relationship to other land use law

This chapter does not authorize a use of real property that is otherwise prohibited by zoning, by law other than this chapter regulating use of real property, or by a recorded instrument that has priority over the environmental covenant. An environmental covenant may prohibit or restrict uses of real property that are authorized by zoning or by law other than this chapter. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1243 Notice

A. A copy of an environmental covenant shall be provided by the persons and in the manner required by the agency to: 1. Each person that signed the covenant; 2. Each person holding a recorded interest in the real property subject to the covenant; 3. Each person in possession of the real property subject to the covenant; 4. Each municipality or other unit of local government in which real property subject to the covenant is located; and 5. Any other person the agency requires. B. The validity of a covenant is not affected by failure to provide a copy of the covenant as required under this section. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1244 Recording

A. An environmental covenant and any amendment or termination of the covenant shall be recorded in every locality in which any portion of the real property subject to the covenant is located. For purposes of indexing, a holder shall be treated as a grantee. B. Except as otherwise provided in § 10.1-1245 , an environmental covenant is subject to the laws of the Commonwealth governing recording and priority of interests in real property. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1245 Duration; amendment by court action

A. An environmental covenant is perpetual unless it is: 1. By its terms limited to a specific duration or terminated by the occurrence of a specific event; 2. Terminated by consent pursuant to § 10.1-1246 ; 3. Terminated pursuant to subsection B; 4. Terminated by foreclosure of an interest that has priority over the environmental covenant; or 5. Terminated or modified in an eminent domain proceeding, but only if: a. The agency that signed the covenant is a party to the proceeding; b. All persons identified in subsections A and B of § 10.1-1246 are given notice of the pendency of the proceeding; and c. The court determines, after hearing, that the termination or modification will not adversely affect human health or the environment. B. If the agency that signed an environmental covenant has determined that the intended benefits of the covenant can no longer be realized, a court, under the doctrine of changed circumstances, in an action in which all persons identified in subsections A and B of § 10.1-1246 have been given notice, may terminate the covenant or reduce its burden on the real property subject to the covenant. The agency's determination or its failure to make a determination upon request is subject to review pursuant to the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq.). C. Except as otherwise provided in subsections A and B, an environmental covenant may not be extinguished, limited, or impaired through issuance of a tax deed, foreclosure of a tax lien, or application of the doctrine of adverse possession, prescription, abandonment, waiver, lack of enforcement, or acquiescence, or a similar doctrine. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1246 Amendment or termination by consent

A. An environmental covenant may be amended or terminated by consent only if the amendment or termination is signed by: 1. The agency; 2. Unless waived by the agency, the current owner of the fee simple of the real property subject to the covenant; 3. Each person that originally signed the covenant, unless the person waived in a signed record the right to consent or a court finds that the person no longer exists or cannot be located or identified with the exercise of reasonable diligence; and 4. Except as otherwise provided in subdivision D 2, the holder. B. If an interest in real property is subject to an environmental covenant, the interest is not affected by an amendment of the covenant unless the current owner of the interest consents to the amendment or has waived in a signed record the right to consent to amendments. C. Except for an assignment undertaken pursuant to a governmental reorganization, assignment of an environmental covenant to a new holder is an amendment. D. Except as otherwise provided in an environmental covenant: 1. A holder may not assign its interest without consent of the other parties; 2. A holder may be removed and replaced by agreement of the other parties specified in subsection A; and 3. A court of competent jurisdiction may fill a vacancy in the position of holder. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1247 Enforcement of environmental covenant

A. A civil action for injunctive or other equitable relief for violation of an environmental covenant may be maintained by: 1. A party to the covenant; 2. The agency or, if it is not the agency, the Department; 3. Any person to whom the covenant expressly grants power to enforce; 4. A person whose interest in the real property or whose collateral or liability may be affected by the alleged violation of the covenant; or 5. A municipality or other unit of local government in which the real property subject to the covenant is located. B. This chapter does not limit the regulatory authority of the agency or the Department under law other than this chapter with respect to an environmental response project. C. A person is not responsible for or subject to liability for environmental remediation solely because he has the right to enforce an environmental covenant. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1248 Fees; Environmental Covenants Fund established

A. The Department shall establish fees, to be paid by the fee simple owner of the real property subject to the covenant, which shall be assessed for the purpose of funding the costs of administering the provisions of this chapter and shall be used solely for the purposes specified in this chapter. B. There is hereby created in the state treasury a special nonreverting fund to be known as the Environmental Covenants Fund, hereafter referred to as "the Fund." The Fund shall be established on the books of the Comptroller. Notwithstanding the provisions of § 2.2-1802 , all moneys collected pursuant to this section shall be paid into the state treasury and credited to the Fund. Interest earned on moneys in the Fund shall remain in the Fund and be credited to it. Any moneys remaining in the Fund, including interest thereon, at the end of each fiscal year shall not revert to the general fund but shall remain in the Fund. Moneys in the Fund shall be used solely for the purposes described in subsection A. Expenditures and disbursements from the Fund shall be made by the State Treasurer on warrants issued by the Comptroller upon written request signed by Director. The Fund shall be exempt from statewide indirect costs charged and collected by the Department of Accounts. 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1249 Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act

This chapter modifies, limits, or supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. § 7001 et seq.) but does not modify, limit, or supersede § 101 of that Act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in § 103 of that Act (15 U.S.C. § 7003 (b)). 2010, c. 691 .

Va. Code Ann. § 10.1-1250 Regulations

The Department may, as necessary, adopt regulations to implement the provisions of this chapter. 2010, c. 691 .

Source: Open US Law by Vaquill AI (CC BY 4.0)URL: https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title10.1/chapter12.2/Fetched: 10/16/2026