WATER SUPPLY, WATERWORKS AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER

K.S.A. ch. 12, art. 27

in effect

K.S.A. 12-2701 Definitions.

12-2701. Definitions. As used in this act: (a) The term "municipality" means any city of the first, second or third class owning and operating a water distribution system or any township or improvement district owning and operating a water distribution system, and which city, township or improvement district is located in a county having a population of not less than thirty thousand (30,000) nor more than forty thousand (40,000) with an assessed taxable tangible valuation of not less than seventy-eight million dollars ($78,000,000) nor more than ninety million dollars ($90,000,000). (b) The term "governing body" as applied to a city means the mayor and council or mayor and commissioners, as the case may be, and as applied to a township means the township clerk, the township treasurer and the township trustee acting as a board, and as applied to an improvement district means the board of directors of such improvement district acting as a board. (c) The word "corporation" means a private corporation which is, or contemplates becoming, a water customer of a municipality and which enters into a contract with such municipality under the provisions of this act, or any board of education, rural high-school district, community high-school district or common-school district which is, or contemplates becoming, a water customer of a municipality and which enters into a contract with such municipality under the provisions of this act; and any such board of education, rural high-school district, community high-school district or common-school district shall have power to enter into contracts under the provisions of this act to remain in force as long as any bonds issued by any municipality under the provisions of this act shall be outstanding. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 1; April 14. Attorney General's Opinions: Election expenses of candidates and organizations; reporting requirements applicable to counties. 81-129.

K.S.A. 12-2702 Contracts for common supply of water.

12-2702. Contracts for common supply of water. Two or more municipalities, or one or more municipalities and one or more corporations, are hereby empowered to enter into a contract, contracts or a series of contracts, from time to time, to provide for a common supply of water, including joint acquisition, construction, operation and maintenance of any and all sites, rights of way, easements, other interests in real property, equipment and facilities necessary for, or used in connection with, the procuring and transportation of water to the said municipalities and their customers. Such contracts for a common supply of water shall provide for the method of acquisition or construction of the common supply; the management and operation of the system; the method of fixing the proportionate share of each participating municipality and corporation and of making contributions; the method of making annual adjustments of the proportionate shares of the annual cost and expense; the method of collection of water rates and other charges, and enforcement thereof; the fixing of rate schedules and other charges; the adoption of rules and regulations governing the operation of the system and the conditions of sale; the adjudication of disputes and all other matters necessary to effectuate such an arrangement. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 2; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2703 Acquisition, development and distribution of common water supply.

12-2703. Acquisition, development and distribution of common water supply. A common supply of water may be acquired and developed (including, but not by way of limitation, the acquisition or construction of all necessary sites, rights of way, easements, other interests in real property, and facilities necessary for the acquisition or distribution of water in bulk) by all of the contracting municipalities and corporations acting jointly or by the individual action of one of the municipalities acting for all of the contracting municipalities and corporations, as such municipalities and corporations may provide by contract. Regardless of the method agreed upon, title to all real or personal property acquired or constructed shall be held jointly in the names of all of the contracting municipalities and corporations in such proportions as shall be provided by contract, and subject to such provisions for disposition as may be provided by contract. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 3; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2704 Contracts for management and operation; reports.

12-2704. Contracts for management and operation; reports. The joint waterworks system may be managed and operated by a joint operating agency or by one of the contracting municipalities or corporations as the contracting municipalities and corporations shall provide. Any such agreement made shall provide for periodic reports of operations and finances to the participating municipalities and corporations. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 4; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2705 Costs, how financed; extent of right to acquire or condemn property.

12-2705. Costs, how financed; extent of right to acquire or condemn property. The costs of providing a common supply of water may be paid from any moneys on hand or available for such purpose or may be financed by the issuance and sale of general obligation bonds or revenue bonds by each of the contracting municipalities in the amount necessary to pay the proportionate share of each such contracting municipality, as such shares shall be fixed pursuant to contract. In the event that the acquisition and development of a common water supply and the construction of a waterworks system shall be effected by the individual action of one of the contracting municipalities or by the individual action of one of the contracting corporations, it shall be lawful for any of the other contracting municipalities or corporations to make a lump-sum payment to such contracting municipality or corporation either from moneys on hand and available for such purpose or, in the case of the contracting municipalities, from moneys received from the issuance and sale of general obligation bonds or revenue bonds, or from tax levies made to meet installment payments to cover its contributions to such cost over the period of the life of any bonds so issued by the municipality acquiring or constructing such a waterworks system. Nothing herein contained shall prevent the purchase or condemnation of existing sources of water supply, waterworks systems, or portions thereof, necessary for the purposes of the joint project anywhere in the state of Kansas, but there shall be no power to condemn property, the legal title of which is vested in the state of Kansas or any political subdivision thereof, unless the state or the governing body of such political subdivision shall consent thereto. In the event that any source of water supply, waterworks system or portion thereof owned by one of the contracting municipalities or corporations is acquired for the purpose of common supply and joint waterworks system, such municipality or corporation may be allowed a credit against its share of the cost equal to the agreed value of the assets so acquired. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 5; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2706 Sale of water; rates; use of reimbursements; assessments; tax levies.

12-2706. Sale of water; rates; use of reimbursements; assessments; tax levies. Water from the common water supply shall be sold to the several contracting municipalities and corporations. The water shall be sold in bulk. Rates shall be fixed in such amounts that revenue therefrom shall be at least sufficient to pay all estimated annual costs of operation and maintenance and debt service on all bonds issued by the contracting municipalities for the purpose of a common water supply. Reimbursements received by municipalities for debt service on general obligation bonds issued under this act shall be credited to the bond and interest fund of such municipality and reimbursements received for debt service on revenue bonds issued under this act shall be credited to a special fund of such municipality to be used to pay the principal of and interest on the revenue bonds. Reimbursements received by municipalities for funds contributed from moneys on hand or available which are not derived from the issuance of bonds shall be credited to the funds of the municipality from which such contributions were made. In the event that a municipality shall contribute funds derived from bond issues and also from moneys on hand or available, such reimbursements shall be credited to the bond and interest fund or such special fund to retire revenue bonds, as the case may be, until said bonds shall have been retired and thereafter such reimbursements shall be credited to the funds from which the moneys on hand or available were contributed. In the event that such revenues in any year are insufficient, the excess of cost over revenues shall be assessed against and apportioned among the participating municipalities and corporations as the contract shall provide, and shall be paid by each such municipality from moneys on hand or available for such purpose or by levying a tax, at the first tax levying period after such apportionment is made, on all the taxable tangible property in such municipality sufficient to pay the cost to said municipality. Such tax levy shall be in addition to all other tax levies authorized or limited by law and shall not be subject to any aggregate tax levy limitation prescribed by article 19 of chapter 79 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, or acts amendatory thereof or supplemental thereto. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 6; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2707 Municipal water supply system; resolution; plans, specifications and estimate; approval by secretary of health and environment; cost limited.

12-2707. Municipal water supply system; resolution; plans, specifications and estimate; approval by secretary of health and environment; cost limited. If the governing body of a municipality determines it advisable and necessary to provide a water supply system or to improve the municipality's water supply system by contracting with other municipalities and corporations as provided in this act the governing body shall so declare by resolution. The participating municipalities and corporations forthwith shall have prepared plans and specifications and a detailed estimate of the cost of such improvements and shall file a copy of the plans, specifications and estimate with the clerk of each participating municipality and with the secretary of each participating corporation, if any. Such plans, specifications and estimate shall be presented to the secretary of health and environment for approval. If approved by the secretary, the plans, specifications and estimate shall be returned to the clerk of each participating municipality, showing such approval. No bonds to pay the cost for any improvement provided for in this act shall be issued by the governing body of any municipality until the plans, specifications and estimate have been approved by the secretary of health and environment. The total cost of any improvement provided for in this act shall in no case exceed the total cost of the approved estimate. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 7; L. 1995, ch. 116, § 6; July 1.

K.S.A. 12-2708 Same; ordinance or resolution; election, when.

12-2708. Same; ordinance or resolution; election, when. (a) Before any improvement is made as provided in this act, the governing body of each participating city shall pass an ordinance and the governing body of each participating township shall adopt a resolution authorizing the making of the improvement and, if bonds are to be issued, directing the issuance of bonds to pay all or part of municipality's share of the cost of the improvement. The ordinance or resolution shall specify the nature and extent of the improvement to be made and shall recite the contract entered into by the participating municipalities and corporations and that such improvement is made in accordance with plans and specifications approved by the secretary of health and environment and on file in the office of the clerk of the municipality for inspection. The ordinance or resolution shall not take effect and be in force unless and until the governing body of such municipality submits the ordinance or resolution to a vote of the electors of the municipality, at a regular election or at a special election called for such purpose, and a majority of the legal electors voting at such election vote in favor of the ordinance or resolution. The governing body of the municipality shall have power to call such election. The election shall be called, noticed, conducted and canvassed in the manner provided by law for bond elections under the provisions of the general bond law, except that the ballots used when voting upon the ordinance or resolution, as the case may be, shall contain these words: "For the ordinance" or "For the resolution," as the case may be, (stating the nature of the proposed ordinance or resolution), and "Against the ordinance" or "Against the resolution," as the case may be, (stating the nature of the proposed ordinance or resolution). (b) Notwithstanding any other provisions of this section, any city of the second class which has heretofore entered into a contract with a corporation or other municipality as authorized or validated by the act of which this section is amendatory may issue general obligation bonds of the city without an election in an amount not to exceed $75,000 for the purpose of enlarging, repairing, improving or extending the city's waterworks system, and no statute limiting the bonded indebtedness of a municipality shall apply to such bonds and such bonds shall not be considered in determining the total bonded indebtedness of such municipality for the purpose of applying any statute limiting the bonded indebtedness of such municipality, except that before issuing such bonds the governing body of the city shall publish once in the official city paper the ordinance providing for the issuance of such bonds and if, within 30 days after the date of publication, there is filed with the city clerk a petition signed by 10% of the legal electors of the city protesting the issuance, the governing body shall submit the question of issuing such bonds to a vote of the electors of the city in the manner provided by the general bond law. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 8; L. 1957, ch. 98, § 1; L. 1995, ch. 116, § 7; July 1.

K.S.A. 12-2709 Common water supply; general obligation and revenue bonds, conditions and restrictions.

12-2709. Common water supply; general obligation and revenue bonds, conditions and restrictions. (a) All general obligation bonds issued pursuant to this act shall be issued, registered, sold, delivered and retired in accordance with the provisions of the general bond law except as in this act otherwise provided. Revenue bonds issued under this act are hereby made a lien on all reimbursements received by the issuing municipality from the revenues derived from the operation of the common water supply and waterworks system. The governing body of a municipality may pledge all or part of the revenues derived or to be derived from any other waterworks system or water line owned by it to retirement of revenue bonds issued by such municipality hereunder and may also use such revenues for the payment of debt service on general obligation bonds issued by such municipality hereunder. Revenue bonds issued under the provisions of this act shall mature not later than 40 years after the date of issuance. The bonds shall bear interest at a rate not to exceed the maximum rate of interest prescribed by K.S.A. 10-1009 , and amendments thereto. No other statute limiting the amount of bonded indebtedness of any municipality shall apply to bonds issued under the authority conferred by this act, and bonds issued under the authority of this act shall not be considered in determining the total bonded indebtedness of a municipality for the purpose of applying any statute limiting the amount of bonded indebtedness of such municipality. (b) Any township which issues or which has issued revenue bonds pursuant to the provisions of this act for the purpose of providing a common supply of water or for extending or improving an existing common supply of water, may also issue general obligation bonds or revenue bonds for the purpose of constructing extensions and improvements to the water distribution system of the township in the manner provided in this act. In the event the township has issued revenue bonds pursuant to article 16, chapter 80 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, or any other law of this state, which are then outstanding and for the payment of which the revenues of the water system of the township or any part thereof have been pledged, it may, if the governing body deems it necessary, refund the outstanding bonds in the manner provided by and subject to the provisions of K.S.A. 10-116a , and amendments thereto. Any bonds authorized to be issued for any purpose under this act may be combined into one issue of bonds. The township may pledge all or any part of the revenues derived from its waterworks system, including its common water supply and its distribution system, to pay the interest on and principal of bonds issued as herein provided. The resolution authorizing the issuance of such revenue bonds may contain such other covenants, agreements and restrictions as may be deemed necessary or advisable by the governing body of such township in order to insure the payment of the same. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 9; L. 1970, ch. 64, § 20; L. 1977, ch. 58, § 7; L. 1978, ch. 99, § 14; L. 1983, ch. 49, § 52; May 12.

K.S.A. 12-2710 Water supply in certain cities and townships; eminent domain.

12-2710. Water supply in certain cities and townships; eminent domain. The construction, acquisition, operation and maintenance of a common supply of water and a waterworks system, under the provisions of this act is hereby declared to be for a public use, and any municipality which has entered into a contract to provide for a common supply of water under the provisions of this act is hereby empowered to institute, either in its own name or jointly in the name of all the participating municipalities as plaintiff, a proceeding for the condemnation of any lands, either within or without the boundaries of such municipality or municipalities, which it or they may deem necessary for the construction, acquisition, operation and maintenance of a common supply of water or for a waterworks system. Such proceeding shall be conducted according to the provisions of K.S.A. 26-501 to 26-516 , inclusive. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 10; L. 1963, ch. 234, § 26; January 1, 1964.

K.S.A. 12-2711 Grants of rights-of-way by certain state and local agencies.

12-2711. Grants of rights-of-way by certain state and local agencies. The secretary of transportation, the board of county commissioners of any county, the governing body of any city, and the governing body of any township, may grant an easement in, respectively, any state highway, county road, city street, or township road right-of-way to municipalities or corporations, either individually or jointly, which have contracted under the provisions of this act to provide a common supply of water, for the purpose of laying mains, pipes, conduits or aqueducts or locating other works deemed necessary by such participating municipalities and corporations in order to provide for a common supply of water. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 11; L. 1975, ch. 427, § 62; August 15.

K.S.A. 12-2712 Validation of certain contracts and bond issues; bonds exempted from debt limitations.

12-2712. Validation of certain contracts and bond issues; bonds exempted from debt limitations. If any municipality has, prior to the effective date of this act, with or without authority of law, entered into a contract or contracts to provide for a common supply of water, water distribution system or waterworks system and such contract or contracts substantially conform to contracts authorized to be made by such municipality under the provisions of this act, such contract or contracts previously entered into and all proceedings in connection therewith, including any bonds issued, are hereby validated and confirmed; and the provisions of this act shall hereafter be applicable to any common supply of water, water distribution system and waterworks system heretofore acquired under any such contracts heretofore made. No statute limiting the amount of bonded indebtedness of a municipality shall apply to any such bonds heretofore issued by a municipality for such purposes and such bonds shall not be considered in determining the total bonded indebtedness of such municipality for the purpose of applying any statute limiting the bonded indebtedness of such municipality. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 12; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2713 Jurisdiction of certain state agencies saved.

12-2713. Jurisdiction of certain state agencies saved. Nothing contained in this act shall be held to alter or abridge the powers and duties of the secretary of health and environment or of the division of water resources of the Kansas department of agriculture over water supply matters. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 13; L. 1975, ch. 462, § 2; L. 2004, ch. 101, § 64; July 1.

K.S.A. 12-2714 Municipalities and corporations not deemed common carriers and not subject to utility regulation.

12-2714. Municipalities and corporations not deemed common carriers and not subject to utility regulation. Any municipality or corporation entering into an agreement under the authority of this act or validated by this act shall not be deemed to be a common carrier with respect to the water transportation facilities established thereunder and shall not be deemed subject to any utility regulation by reason of its participation in so providing facilities for a water supply, water distribution system, or waterworks system. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 14; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2715 Authority and powers conferred by act; act supplemental; invalidity of part.

12-2715. Authority and powers conferred by act; act supplemental; invalidity of part. This act constitutes full and complete authority for the purposes set out therein, and no procedure or proceedings other than those required by this act shall be necessary for the performance of the provisions hereof. The powers conferred by this act shall be in addition and supplemental to and not in substitution for, and the limitations imposed by this act shall not affect, the powers conferred by any other law; and the limitations imposed by any other law, unless in this act specifically so provided, shall not affect the powers conferred by this act. The provisions of this act are severable, and if any provisions of this act be for any reason held unconstitutional or otherwise invalid by any court of competent jurisdiction, such decision shall not affect the validity of the remaining portions of this act; and the legislature hereby declares, and it shall be conclusively presumed, that the legislature would have passed this act and each provision thereof irrespective of the fact that one or more of its provisions shall be declared invalid. L. 1955, ch. 87, § 15; April 14.

K.S.A. 12-2716 Cities owning waterworks may contract for water supply.

12-2716. Cities owning waterworks may contract for water supply. All cities of the state owning their own waterworks are hereby authorized and empowered to contract with the United States of America (or an agency or instrumentality thereof) for the furnishing to such contracting city a municipal water supply from storage and distribution facilities constructed and owned by the United States of America pursuant to the acts of congress relating to the reclamation and irrigation of lands and related subjects. L. 1957, ch. 239, § 1; March 18. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. Statute and contract with U.S. make thereunder valid. State, ex rel., v. City of Wichita, 188 Kan. 1, 6, 7, 9, 10, 360 P.2d 186.

K.S.A. 12-2717 Same; reimbursement agreement.

12-2717. Same; reimbursement agreement. Such contracting city may thereby obligate itself to reimburse the United States of America such portion of the cost of such storage and distribution facilities including interest thereon, as may be determined by such city and the United States of America to be allocable to the municipal water supply furnished. Such contract for reimbursement may extend over such period of years as is permissible under applicable federal laws and regulations and as shall be agreed to by the governing body of such city. L. 1957, ch. 239, § 2; March 18.

K.S.A. 12-2718 Cities of less than 200,000 population; agreements with federal or state agencies for municipal water supply and recreational areas.

12-2718. Cities of less than 200,000 population; agreements with federal or state agencies for municipal water supply and recreational areas. Any city having a population of less than two hundred thousand (200,000) is hereby authorized and empowered to contract with the United States of America or an agency or instrumentality thereof, or with the state of Kansas or any instrumentality or political subdivision of the state, for the furnishing of, or the construction and equipping of, a municipal water supply or a recreational area and facilities, or both water supply and recreational area and facilities, for such contracting city from water storage and distribution facilities constructed by the United States of America or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or with the state of Kansas or any instrumentality or political subdivision thereof, whether said water storage be on land owned or flowage easement or other easement owned by said municipality, the United States of America or the state of Kansas or any political subdivision thereof, and said contract may be made whether said water supply and recreational area is within or outside the corporate limits of the contracting city, and whether or not said water supply is to be connected with said city's water distribution system by pipeline or other conduit. L. 1959, ch. 86, § 1; June 30.

K.S.A. 12-2719 Same; reimbursement by city, limitations; tax levies; bonds.

12-2719. Same; reimbursement by city, limitations; tax levies; bonds. The governing body of such contracting city, pursuant to authorizing ordinances as hereinafter provided, is hereby authorized to obligate itself to reimburse the United States of America or any instrumentality or political subdivision of the state government, such portion of the cost of such storage and distribution facilities, not exceeding fifteen percent (15%) of the assessed valuation of the tangible property within the corporate limits of the contracting city, and interest thereon not exceeding the maximum rate of interest prescribed by K.S.A. 10-1009 , as may be determined by such city and the United States of America, or any instrumentality or political subdivision of the state government, to be allocable to the municipal water supply and distribution facilities and recreational area and facilities furnished or constructed by the United States of America, or any agency or instrumentality thereof, or with the state of Kansas or any instrumentality or political subdivision thereof, and such contract for reimbursement may provide for payment of costs allocable to the city at the time of construction or may extend over such period of years as is permissible under applicable laws and regulations for a period of not exceeding fifty (50) years, or may extend over any shorter period as may be agreed to by the governing body of such city. For the purpose of financing such reimbursement, such contracting city is hereby authorized to levy an annual tax of not to exceed two (2) mills on all the taxable tangible property of such city during the period of said reimbursement contract. Such levy shall be in addition to all other tax levies authorized by law, and shall not be subject to nor within the aggregate tax levy limits prescribed by article 19 of chapter 79 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and acts amendatory thereof or supplemental thereto. The governing body of the city may also issue general obligation bonds of the city, subject to the limitations prescribed in this act, for the purposes herein specified, and all such bonds shall be issued, registered, sold, delivered and retired in accordance with the applicable provisions of the general bond law. Contractual obligations of the contracting city shall not be subject to nor within any bonded debt or other debt or obligation limitation prescribed by the laws of the state of Kansas, and shall not be considered or included in applying any other law limiting bonded indebtedness or limiting other obligations of such cities. L. 1959, ch. 86, § 2; L. 1970, ch. 64, § 21; March 21.

K.S.A. 12-2720 Same; adoption of ordinance; contents; publication; protest petition; election; effective, when.

12-2720. Same; adoption of ordinance; contents; publication; protest petition; election; effective, when. Before any such contract or contracts shall be made by the governing body of such contracting city, or bonds issued, taxes levied or improvements made, as provided in this act, the governing body of such contracting city shall enact an ordinance authorizing the acquisition of the necessary site and the necessary easements, authorizing the making of such improvements and authorizing the making of such contract or contracts. The ordinance shall specify the nature and extent of the improvement to be made and describe such contract or contracts, including the estimated expenditures of the city under such agreement. Such ordinance shall be published once each week for two consecutive weeks in the official city paper. If within thirty (30) days of its last publication a petition signed by not less than five percent (5%) of the legally qualified electors is filed with the city clerk, such ordinance shall not take effect until submitted to the electors of such city and approved at an election to be held within ninety (90) days of the filing of such petition. The governing body of the municipality shall have power to call such an election, and such an election shall be called, noticed, conducted, and canvassed in the manner provided by law for bond elections under the provisions of the general bond law, except, the ballots used when voting upon said ordinance or resolution, as the case may be, shall contain these words: "For the ordinance" and "against the ordinance," as the case may be (stating the nature of the proposed ordinance). If no sufficient protest is filed within such thirty (30) days, or if the ordinance is approved at an election hereunder, such ordinance shall become effective and the governing body of such city may proceed with its implementation. L. 1959, ch. 86, § 3; L. 1971, ch. 51, § 2; July 1. Law Review and Bar Journal References: New statutory enactments modifying common law and statutory contract principles discussed in survey of Kansas contract law, 21 K.L.R. 137, 155 (1972).

K.S.A. 12-2721 Same; act additional to K.S.A. 12-2716, 12-2717.

12-2721. Same; act additional to K.S.A. 12-2716, 12-2717. This act shall be construed as an addition to and not amendatory of the provisions of K.S.A. 12-2716 and 12-2717 . L. 1959, ch. 86, § 4; June 30.

K.S.A. 12-2722 Same; exemption of certain cities from reimbursement limitations of K.S.A. 12-2719.

12-2722. Same; exemption of certain cities from reimbursement limitations of K.S.A. 12-2719. Any city entering into an agreement with the United States of America or any agency or instrumentality thereof pursuant to K.S.A. 12-2718 through 12-2721 and acts amendatory thereof or supplemental thereto which, under the terms of such agreement, is required to transfer ownership of its existing water storage facility or facilities in exchange for storage rights producing at least the same firm yield of water as the facility or facilities transferred, shall not be subject to the fifteen percent (15%) maximum limitation on the amount it may reimburse the United States of America or its agency or instrumentality under K.S.A. 12-2719 . L. 1971, ch. 51, § 1; July 1.

K.S.A. 12-2723 Installation of separate water meter for individual dwelling units.

12-2723. Installation of separate water meter for individual dwelling units. (a) As used in this section: (1) "Dwelling unit" means a structure or part of a structure that is used as a home, residence or sleeping place by one person who maintains a household or by two or more persons who maintain a common household. (2) "Water meter" means a device used for measuring and billing for water consumed. (b) No city or public water supply system shall prohibit the installation of a separate water meter for each dwelling unit within a building containing multiple dwelling units in lieu of installation of a master meter for the entire building. L. 2001, ch. 199, § 1; July 1.

Source: Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes (ksrevisor.gov)URL: https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/ksa_ch12.htmlFetched: 10/20/2026