BUSINESS CORPORATIONS
M.G.L. pt. Part I, tit. Title XXII, ch. c. 156D
in effectContents
sectionc. 156D, § 1.01. Short Titlesectionc. 156D, § 1.02. Reservation of power to amend or repealsectionc. 156D, § 1.20. Filing requirementssectionc. 156D, § 1.21. Formssectionc. 156D, § 1.22. Filing, service and copying feessectionc. 156D, § 1.23. Effective time and date of documentsectionc. 156D, § 1.24. Correcting filed documentsectionc. 156D, § 1.25. Filing duty of secretary of statesectionc. 156D, § 1.26. Appeal from secretary of state's refusal to file documentsectionc. 156D, § 1.27. Evidentiary effect of copy of filed documentsectionc. 156D, § 1.28. Certificates regarding corporationssectionc. 156D, § 1.29. Penalty for signing false documentsectionc. 156D, § 1.30. Powerssectionc. 156D, § 1.40. Chapter definitionssectionc. 156D, § 1.41. Noticesectionc. 156D, § 1.42. Number of shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 1.50. Interpretation of chaptersectionc. 156D, § 2.01. Incorporatorssectionc. 156D, § 2.02. Articles of organizationsectionc. 156D, § 2.03. Incorporationsectionc. 156D, § 2.04. Liability for pre-incorporation transactionssectionc. 156D, § 2.05. Organization of corporationsectionc. 156D, § 2.06. Bylawssectionc. 156D, § 2.07. Emergency bylawssectionc. 156D, § 3.01. Purposessectionc. 156D, § 3.02. General powerssectionc. 156D, § 3.03. Emergency powerssectionc. 156D, § 3.04. Ultra viressectionc. 156D, § 4.01. Corporate namesectionc. 156D, § 4.02. Reserved namesectionc. 156D, § 5.01. Registered office and registered agentsectionc. 156D, § 5.02. Change of registered office or registered agentsectionc. 156D, § 5.03. Resignation of registered agentsectionc. 156D, § 5.04. Service on corporationsectionc. 156D, § 6.01. Authorized sharessectionc. 156D, § 6.02. Determination of terms of class or seriessectionc. 156D, § 6.03. Issued and outstanding sharessectionc. 156D, § 6.04. Fractional sharessectionc. 156D, § 6.20. Subscription for shares before incorporationsectionc. 156D, § 6.21. Issuance of sharessectionc. 156D, § 6.22. Liability of shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 6.23. Share dividendssectionc. 156D, § 6.24. Share optionssectionc. 156D, § 6.25. Form and content of certificatessectionc. 156D, § 6.26. Shares without certificatessectionc. 156D, § 6.27. Restriction on transfer of shares and other securitiessectionc. 156D, § 6.30. Shareholders' preemptive rightssectionc. 156D, § 6.31. Corporation's acquisition of its own sharessectionc. 156D, § 6.40. Distributions to shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 6.41. Liability for improper distributionssectionc. 156D, § 7.01. Annual meetingsectionc. 156D, § 7.02. Special meetingsectionc. 156D, § 7.03. Court-ordered meetingsectionc. 156D, § 7.04. Action without meetingsectionc. 156D, § 7.05. Notice of meetingsectionc. 156D, § 7.06. Waiver of noticesectionc. 156D, § 7.07. Record datesectionc. 156D, § 7.08. Meetings by remote communications; remote participation in meetingssectionc. 156D, § 7.20. Shareholders list for meetingsectionc. 156D, § 7.21. Voting entitlement of sharessectionc. 156D, § 7.22. Proxiessectionc. 156D, § 7.23. Shares held by nomineessectionc. 156D, § 7.24. Corporation's acceptance of votessectionc. 156D, § 7.25. Quorum and voting requirements for voting groupssectionc. 156D, § 7.26. Action by single and multiple voting groupssectionc. 156D, § 7.27. Greater or lesser quorum or voting requirements for shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 7.28. Voting for directors; cumulative votingsectionc. 156D, § 7.29. Form of shareholder actionsectionc. 156D, § 7.30. Voting trustssectionc. 156D, § 7.31. Voting agreementssectionc. 156D, § 7.32. Shareholder agreementssectionc. 156D, § 7.40. Subdivision definitionssectionc. 156D, § 7.41. Standingsectionc. 156D, § 7.42. Demandsectionc. 156D, § 7.43. Stay of proceedingssectionc. 156D, § 7.44. Dismissalsectionc. 156D, § 7.45. Discontinuance or settlementsectionc. 156D, § 7.46. Payment of expensessectionc. 156D, § 7.47. Applicability to foreign corporationssectionc. 156D, § 8.01. Requirement for and duties of board of directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.02. Qualifications of directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.03. Number and election of directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.04. Election of directors by certain classes of shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 8.05. Terms of directors generallysectionc. 156D, § 8.06. Staggered terms for directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.07. Resignation of directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.08. Removal of directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.09. [There is no 156D:8.09.]sectionc. 156D, § 8.10. Vacancy on boardsectionc. 156D, § 8.11. Compensation of directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.20. Meetingssectionc. 156D, § 8.21. Action without meetingsectionc. 156D, § 8.22. Notice of meetingsectionc. 156D, § 8.23. Waiver of noticesectionc. 156D, § 8.24. Quorum and votingsectionc. 156D, § 8.25. Committeessectionc. 156D, § 8.30. General standards for directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.31. Director conflict of interestsectionc. 156D, § 8.32. Loans to directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.40. Required officerssectionc. 156D, § 8.41. Duties of officerssectionc. 156D, § 8.42. Standards of conduct for officerssectionc. 156D, § 8.43. Resignation and removal of officerssectionc. 156D, § 8.44. Contract rights of officerssectionc. 156D, § 8.45. Certificate of change in officers or directorssectionc. 156D, § 8.46. Instruments affecting real estatesectionc. 156D, § 8.50. Subdivision definitionssectionc. 156D, § 8.51. Permissible indemnificationsectionc. 156D, § 8.52. Mandatory indemnificationsectionc. 156D, § 8.53. Advance for expensessectionc. 156D, § 8.54. Court-ordered indemnification and advance for expensessectionc. 156D, § 8.55. Determination and authorization of indemnificationsectionc. 156D, § 8.56. Officerssectionc. 156D, § 8.57. Insurancesectionc. 156D, § 8.58. Variation by corporate action; application of subchaptersectionc. 156D, § 8.59. Exclusivity of subdivisionsectionc. 156D, § 9.20. Domesticationsectionc. 156D, § 9.21. Action on a plan of domesticationsectionc. 156D, § 9.22. Articles of domesticationsectionc. 156D, § 9.23. Surrender of charter upon domesticationsectionc. 156D, § 9.24. Effect of domesticationsectionc. 156D, § 9.25. Abandonment of a domesticationsectionc. 156D, § 9.30. Nonprofit conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.31. Action on a plan of nonprofit conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.32. Articles of nonprofit conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.33. Surrender of charter upon foreign nonprofit conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.34. Effect of nonprofit conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.35. Abandonment of a nonprofit conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.40. Foreign nonprofit domestication and conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.41. Articles of domestication and conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.42. Effect of foreign nonprofit domestication and conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.43. Abandonment of a foreign nonprofit domestication and conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.50. Entity conversion authorized; definitionssectionc. 156D, § 9.51. Plan of entity conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.52. Action on a plan of entity conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.53. Articles of entity conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.54. Surrender of charter upon conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.55. Effect of entity conversionsectionc. 156D, § 9.56. Abandonment of an entity conversionsectionc. 156D, § 10.01. Authority to amendsectionc. 156D, § 10.02. Amendment before issuance of sharessectionc. 156D, § 10.03. Amendment by board of directors and shareholders; exceptionsectionc. 156D, § 10.04. Voting on amendments by voting groupssectionc. 156D, § 10.05. Amendment by board of directorssectionc. 156D, § 10.06. Articles of amendmentsectionc. 156D, § 10.07. Restated articles of organizationsectionc. 156D, § 10.08. Effect of amendmentsectionc. 156D, § 10.20. Amendment by board of directors or shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 10.21. Bylaw dealing with quorum or voting requirements for shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 10.22. Bylaw dealing with quorum or voting requirements for board of directorssectionc. 156D, § 11.01. Definitionssectionc. 156D, § 11.02. Mergersectionc. 156D, § 11.03. Share exchangesectionc. 156D, § 11.04. Action on a plan of merger or share exchangesectionc. 156D, § 11.05. Merger between parent and subsidiary or between subsidiariessectionc. 156D, § 11.06. Articles of merger or share exchangesectionc. 156D, § 11.07. Effect of merger or share exchangesectionc. 156D, § 11.08. Abandonment of a merger or share exchangesectionc. 156D, § 12.01. Sale of assets in regular course of business and mortgage of assetssectionc. 156D, § 12.02. Sale of assets other than in regular course of businesssectionc. 156D, § 13.01. Definitionssectionc. 156D, § 13.02. Right to appraisalsectionc. 156D, § 13.03. Assertion of rights by nominees and beneficial ownerssectionc. 156D, § 13.20. Notice of appraisal rightssectionc. 156D, § 13.21. Notice of intent to demand paymentsectionc. 156D, § 13.22. Appraisal notice and formsectionc. 156D, § 13.23. Perfection of rights; right to withdrawsectionc. 156D, § 13.24. Paymentsectionc. 156D, § 13.25. After-acquired sharessectionc. 156D, § 13.26. Procedure if shareholder dissatisfied with payment or offersectionc. 156D, § 13.30. Court actionsectionc. 156D, § 13.31. Court costs and counsel feessectionc. 156D, § 14.01. Dissolution by incorporators or initial directorssectionc. 156D, § 14.02. Dissolution by board of directors and shareholders, or otherwise in accordance with articles of organizationsectionc. 156D, § 14.03. Articles of dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.04. Revocation of dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.05. Effect of dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.06. Known non-contingent claims against dissolved corporationsectionc. 156D, § 14.07. Unknown claims against dissolved corporationsectionc. 156D, § 14.08. Creation of reserves as adequate provision for unasserted product liability claims and known contingent claims against dissolved corporationsectionc. 156D, § 14.09. Enforcement of claims against dissolved corporationsectionc. 156D, § 14.20. Grounds for administrative dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.21. Procedure for and effect of administrative dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.22. Reinstatement following administrative dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.23. Appeal from denial of reinstatementsectionc. 156D, § 14.30. Grounds for judicial dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.31. Procedure for judicial dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.32. Receivership or custodianshipsectionc. 156D, § 14.33. Decree of dissolutionsectionc. 156D, § 14.34. Reorganization under a statute of the United States; effectuationsectionc. 156D, § 14.40. Deposit with treasurer of the commonwealthsectionc. 156D, § 15.01. Authority to transact business requiredsectionc. 156D, § 15.02. Consequences of transacting business without authoritysectionc. 156D, § 15.03. Delivering certificate by foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.04. Amended certificatesectionc. 156D, § 15.05. Effect of filing of certificatesectionc. 156D, § 15.06. Corporate name of foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.07. Registered office and registered agent of foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.08. Change of registered office or registered agent of foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.09. Resignation of registered agent of foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.10. Liability to be sued; service on foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.11. False reports or statementssectionc. 156D, § 15.20. Withdrawal of foreign corporationsectionc. 156D, § 15.21. Automatic withdrawal upon certain conversionssectionc. 156D, § 15.22. Withdrawal upon conversion to a nonfiling entitysectionc. 156D, § 15.23. Transfer of authoritysectionc. 156D, § 15.30. Grounds for revocationsectionc. 156D, § 15.31. Procedure for and effect of revocationsectionc. 156D, § 15.32. Appeal from revocationsectionc. 156D, § 16.01. Corporate recordssectionc. 156D, § 16.02. Inspection of records by shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 16.03. Scope of inspection rightsectionc. 156D, § 16.04. Court-ordered inspectionsectionc. 156D, § 16.05. Inspection of records by directorssectionc. 156D, § 16.06. Exception to notice requirement; consequences of inability to deliver noticesectionc. 156D, § 16.20. Financial statement for shareholderssectionc. 156D, § 16.21. By-law amendmentssectionc. 156D, § 16.22. Annual report for secretary of statesectionc. 156D, § 17.01. Application to existing domestic corporationssectionc. 156D, § 17.02. Application to qualified foreign corporationssectionc. 156D, § 17.03. Saving provisionssectionc. 156D, § 17.04. Severability
Source: Massachusetts General Court (malegislature.gov)URL: https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXXII/Chapter156DFetched: 10/20/2026