FORMATION OF CORPORATIONS

K.S.A. ch. 17, art. 60

in effect

K.S.A. 17-6001 Formation of corporations; incorporators; purposes; corporations subject to special statutory regulation.

17-6001. Formation of corporations; incorporators; purposes; corporations subject to special statutory regulation. (a) Any person, partnership, association or corporation, singly or jointly with others, and without regard to such person's or entity's residence, domicile or state of incorporation, may incorporate or organize a corporation under this code by filing with the secretary of state articles of incorporation which shall be executed and filed in accordance with K.S.A. 17-7908 through 17-7910 , and amendments thereto. (b) Except as otherwise provided by law, a corporation may be incorporated or organized under this code to conduct or promote any lawful business or purposes. (c) Corporations subject to special statutory regulation may be organized under this code if required by or otherwise consistent with such other statutory regulation, but such corporations shall be subject to the special provisions and requirements applicable to such corporations. Where the provisions and requirements of this code are not inconsistent, they shall be construed as supplemental to such other statutes and not in derogation or limitation thereof, and such corporations shall be governed thereby. Subject to the foregoing provisions of this subsection, any corporation organized under the laws of this state or authorized to do business in this state shall be governed by the applicable provisions of this code. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 1; L. 1973, ch. 99, § 7; L. 1999, ch. 39, § 6; L. 2000, ch. 39, § 16; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 14; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-2701, 17-2801, 17-2804, 17-2805, 17-2901, 17-4501; 8 Del. C. § 101. Cross References to Related Sections: Organization of banking corporations, see 9-801. Building and loan associations, see 17-10a01 et seq. Home building and owning corporations, see chapter 17, article 11. Cemetery corporations, see chapter 17, article 13. Cooperative societies, see chapter 17, article 15. Cooperative marketing associations, see chapter 17, article 16. Religious and charitable corporations, see chapter 17, article 17. Trust companies, see chapter 9, article 21. Credit unions, see chapter 17, article 22. Development credit corporations, see chapter 17, article 23. Incorporation of savings and loan associations, see chapter 17, article 52. Limited liability companies, see chapter 17, article 76. Organization of stock insurance companies, see chapter 40, article 3. Formation of life insurance companies, see 40-401, 40-501. Formation of mutual assessment life associations, see 40-602. Formation of mutual fire and tornado companies, see 40-1001. Mutual insurance companies other than life, see chapter 40, article 12. Formation of mutual hail insurance companies, see 40-1501. Organization of nonprofit dental service corporations, see 40-19a02. Organization of nonprofit medical and hospital service corporations, see 40-19c03. Certificate of authority of automobile club, see 40-2504. Licensing and regulation of clubs, see chapter 41, article 26. Regulation of public utilities and common carriers, see 66-101, 66-104, 66-105. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Reduction of number of natural persons required to establish a corporation, "The Kansas Corporation Code of 1972," William E. Treadway, 40 J.B.A.K. 301, 303 (1971). "The Uniform Partnership Act," Steadman Ball, 41 J.B.A.K. 211, 212 (1972). "Pending Changes to the Kansas General Corporation Code," William E. Quick, 72 J.K.B.A. No. 1, 21 (2003). "The New Corporate Landscape: 2004 Kansas General Corporation Code," William Quick, 73 J.K.B.A. No. 7, 30 (2004). Attorney General's Opinions: State banking code; merger of bank with general business corporation. 83-29. Financial interest of officer or director in corporate transaction; application to certain nonprofit corporations. 89-44. Interlocal agreements and filing of articles of incorporation and other instruments; exceptions. 90-3. City, county and township libraries; application of K.S.A. 12-1223 and 12-1225. 92-5. Cooperative societies; bylaws and regulations; premiums; certain rebates or other inducements prohibited. 92-150. Nonlegislative health related functions may be delegated to Flint Hills Community Health Center. 2003-25. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. Board of directors of insurer organized prior to enactment of code authorized to amend bylaws to provide for change as to number of directors elected. Lincoln American Corp. v. Victory Life Insurance Co., 375 F. Supp. 105, 107 (1973). 2. Section cited; no liability either alter ego or active participation by officer in fraud on creditor. Amoco Chemical Corporation v. Bach, 222 Kan. 589, 594, 567 P.2d 1337 (1977). 3. K.S.A. 17-1366 through 17-1368 relative to abandoned cemeteries and dissolution of cemetery corporations held permissible exercise of police power. State ex rel. Stephan v. Lane, 228 Kan. 379, 391, 614 P.2d 987 (1980). 4. Service upon resident agent of dissolved corporation during three year wind-up period constitutes valid service on corporation. Vogel v. Missouri Valley Steel, Inc., 229 Kan. 492, 496, 625 P.2d 1123 (1981). 5. Cited in holding health care provider act (K.S.A. 40-3401 et seq.) did not change rule of respondeat superior. McGuire v. Sifers, 235 Kan. 368, 375, 681 P.2d 1025 (1984). 6. On question certified relative to K.S.A. 60-258a, standards of duty on savings and loan association officers discussed. Federal Savings & Loan Ins. Corp. v. Huff, 237 Kan. 873, 880, 704 P.2d 372 (1985). 7. Cited in opinion holding that K.S.A. 17-2708 of professional corporation law does not authorize medical practice by general corporation. Early Detection Center, Inc. v. Wilson, 248 Kan. 869, 873, 811 P.2d 860 (1991). 8. Corporation held to be alter ego to avoid fiduciary responsibility to secured creditor; alter ego doctrine discussed. Dean Operations, Inc. v. One Seventy Assocs., 257 Kan. 676, 680, 896 P.2d 1012 (1995). 9. Summary judgment proper where evidence insufficient to prove corporation was alter ego of parent. Doughty v. CSX Transportation, Inc., 258 Kan. 493, 504, 905 P.2d 106 (1995). 10. Filing articles of incorporation with register of deeds pursuant to K.S.A. 17-6003 is a requirement of corporate existence. Fee Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Snyder, 261 Kan. 414, 417, 930 P.2d 1054 (1997). 11. Trial court order enjoining corporation from amending articles of incorporation violated due process. Kansas East Conf. of the United Methodist Church v. Bethany Med. Ctr., 266 Kan. 366, 371, 969 P.2d 859 (1998).

K.S.A. 17-6002 Articles of incorporation; contents.

17-6002. Articles of incorporation; contents. (a) The articles of incorporation shall set forth: (1) The name of the corporation pursuant to K.S.A. 17-7918 and 17-7919 , and amendments thereto, of the business entity standard treatment act; (2) the postal address of the corporation's registered office in this state stated in accordance with K.S.A. 17-7924 , and amendments thereto, and the name of its resident agent at such address; (3) the nature of the business or purposes to be conducted or promoted. It shall be sufficient to state, either alone or with other businesses or purposes, that the purpose of the corporation is to engage in any lawful act or activity for which corporations may be organized under the Kansas general corporation code, and by such statement all lawful acts and activities shall be within the purposes of the corporation, except for express limitations, if any; (4) (A) if the corporation is to be authorized to issue only one class of stock, the total number of shares of stock that the corporation shall have authority to issue and the par value of each of such shares, or a statement that all such shares are to be without par value. If the corporation is to be authorized to issue more than one class of stock, the articles of incorporation shall set forth the total number of shares of all classes of stock that the corporation shall have authority to issue and the number of shares of each class, and shall specify each class the shares of which are to be without par value, and each class the shares of which are to have a par value and the par value of the shares of each such class. The articles of incorporation shall also set forth a statement of the designations and the powers, preferences and rights, and the qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, that are permitted by K.S.A. 17-6401 , and amendments thereto, in respect to any class or classes of stock or any series of any class of stock of the corporation and the fixing of which by the articles of incorporation is desired, and an express grant of such authority as it may then be desired to grant to the board of directors to fix by resolution or resolutions any thereof that may be desired but which shall not be fixed by the articles of incorporation. (B) (i) The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to nonstock corporations. In the case of nonstock corporations, the fact that they are not authorized to issue capital stock shall be stated in the articles of incorporation. The conditions of membership, or other criteria for identifying members, of nonstock corporations shall likewise be stated in the articles of incorporation or bylaws. Nonstock corporations shall have members, but failure to have members shall not affect otherwise valid corporate acts or work a forfeiture or dissolution of the corporation. (ii) Nonstock corporations may provide for classes or groups of members having relative rights, powers and duties, and may make provision for the future creation of additional classes or groups of members having such relative rights, powers and duties as may from time to time be established, including rights, powers and duties senior to existing classes and groups of members. Except as otherwise provided in this code, nonstock corporations may also provide that any member or class or group of members shall have full, limited or no voting rights or powers, including that any member or class or group of members shall have the right to vote on a specified transaction even if that member or class or group of members does not have the right to vote for the election of the members of the governing body of the corporation. Voting by members of a nonstock corporation may be on a per capita, number, financial interest, class, group or any other basis set forth. (iii) The provisions referred to in paragraph (4)(B)(ii) may be set forth in the articles of incorporation or bylaws. If neither the articles of incorporation nor bylaws of a nonstock corporation state the conditions of membership, or other criteria for identifying members, the members of the corporation shall be deemed to be those entitled to vote for the election of the members of the governing body pursuant to the articles of incorporation or bylaws of such corporation or otherwise until thereafter otherwise provided by the articles of incorporation or bylaws; (5) the name and postal address of the incorporator or incorporators; and (6) if the powers of the incorporator or incorporators are to terminate upon the filing of the articles of incorporation, the names and postal addresses of the persons who are to serve as directors until the first annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are elected and qualify. (b) In addition to the matters required to be set forth in the articles of incorporation by subsection (a), the articles of incorporation may also contain any or all of the following matters: (1) Any provision for the management of the business and for the conduct of the affairs of the corporation, and any provision creating, defining, limiting and regulating the sale or other disposition of stock and the powers of the corporation, the directors and the stockholders, or any class of the stockholders, or the governing body, members or any class or group of members of a nonstock corporation, if such provisions are not contrary to the laws of this state. Any provision that is required or permitted by any section of this code to be stated in the bylaws may be stated instead in the articles of incorporation; (2) the following provisions, in these words: (A) For a corporation other than a nonstock corporation: "Whenever a compromise or arrangement is proposed between this corporation and its creditors or any class of them or between this corporation and its stockholders or any class of them, any court of competent jurisdiction within the state of Kansas, on the application in a summary way of this corporation or of any creditor or stockholder thereof or on the application of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under K.S.A. 17-6901 , and amendments thereto, or on the application of trustees in dissolution or of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under the provisions of K.S.A. 17-6808 and 17-6901 , and amendments thereto, may order a meeting of the creditors or class of creditors, or of the stockholders or class of stockholders of this corporation, as the case may be, to be summoned in such manner as the court directs. If a majority in number representing 3 / 4 in value of the creditors or class of creditors, or of the stockholders or class of stockholders of this corporation, as the case may be, agree to any compromise or arrangement and to any reorganization of this corporation as consequence of such compromise or arrangement, such compromise or arrangement and such reorganization shall, if sanctioned by the court to which the application has been made, be binding on all the creditors or class of creditors, or on all the stockholders or class of stockholders of this corporation, as the case may be, and also on this corporation"; or (B) for a nonstock corporation: "Whenever a compromise or arrangement is proposed between this corporation and its creditors or any class of them or between this corporation and its members or any class of them, any court of competent jurisdiction within the state of Kansas may, on the application in a summary way of this corporation or of any creditor or member thereof or on the application of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under K.S.A. 17-6901 , and amendments thereto, or on the application of trustees in dissolution or of any receiver or receivers appointed for this corporation under the provisions of K.S.A. 17-6808 and 17-6901 , and amendments thereto, order a meeting of the creditors or class or creditors, or of the members of class of members of this corporation, as the case may be, to be summoned in such manner as the court directs. If a majority in number representing 3 / 4 in value of the creditors or class of creditors, or of the members or class of members of this corporation, as the case may be, agree to any compromise or arrangement and to any reorganization of this corporation as consequence of such compromise or arrangement, such compromise or arrangement and such reorganization shall, if sanctioned by the court to which the application has been made, be binding on all the creditors or class of creditors, or on all the members or class of members, of this corporation, as the case may be, and also on this corporation"; (3) such provisions as may be desired granting to the holders of the stock of the corporation, or the holders of any class or series of a class thereof, the preemptive right to subscribe to any or all additional issues of stock of the corporation of any or all classes or series thereof, or to any securities of the corporation convertible into such stock. No stockholder shall have any preemptive right to subscribe to an additional issue of stock or to any security convertible into such stock unless, and except to the extent that, such right is expressly granted to such stockholder in the articles of incorporation. All such rights in existence on July 1, 1972, shall remain in existence unaffected by this paragraph unless and until changed or terminated by appropriate action that expressly provides for such change or termination; (4) provisions requiring for any corporate action, the vote of a larger portion of the stock or of any class or series thereof, or of any other securities having voting power, or a larger number of the directors, than is required by this code; (5) a provision limiting the duration of the corporation's existence to a specified date; otherwise, the corporation shall have perpetual existence; (6) a provision imposing personal liability for the debts of the corporation on its stockholders to a specified extent and upon specified conditions; otherwise, the stockholders of a corporation shall not be personally liable for the payment of the corporation's debts except as they may be liable by reason of their own conduct or acts; (7) the manner of adoption, alteration and repeal of bylaws; and (8) a provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, except that such provision shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a director: (A) For any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders; (B) for acts or omissions not in good faith or that involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; (C) under the provisions of K.S.A. 17-6424 , and amendments thereto; or (D) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit. No such provision shall eliminate or limit the liability of a director for any act or omission occurring prior to the date when such provision becomes effective. An amendment, repeal or elimination of such a provision shall not affect its application with respect to an act or omission by a director occurring before such amendment, repeal or elimination unless the provision provides otherwise at the time of such act or omission. All references in this subsection to a director also shall be deemed to refer to such other person or persons, if any, who, pursuant to a provision of the articles of incorporation in accordance with K.S.A. 17-6301 (a), and amendments thereto, exercise or perform any of the powers or duties otherwise conferred or imposed upon the board of directors by this code. (c) It shall not be necessary to set forth in the articles of incorporation any of the powers conferred on corporations by this code. (d) Except for provisions included pursuant to subsections (a)(1), (a)(2), (a)(5), (a)(6), (b)(2), (b)(5), (b)(7) and (b)(8), and provisions included pursuant to subsection (a)(4) specifying the classes, number of shares and par value of shares a corporation, other than a nonstock corporation, is authorized to issue, any provision of the articles of incorporation may be made dependent upon facts ascertainable outside such instrument, provided that the manner in which such facts shall operate upon the provision is clearly and explicitly set forth in the provision. As used in this subsection, "facts" includes, but is not limited to, the occurrence of any event, including a determination or action by any person or body, including the corporation. (e) The articles of incorporation shall not contain any provision that would impose liability on a stockholder for the attorney fees or expenses of the corporation or any other party in connection with an internal corporate claim, as defined in K.S.A. 17-6015 , and amendments thereto. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 2; L. 1973, ch. 100, § 1; L. 1975, ch. 144, § 1; L. 1978, ch. 85, § 1; L. 1978, ch. 86, § 1; L. 1984, ch. 93, § 1; L. 1987, ch. 88, § 1; L. 1988, ch. 99, § 3; Revived and amended, L. 1988, ch. 100, § 3; L. 1991, ch. 76, § 11; L. 1992, ch. 270, § 1; L. 1999, ch. 41, § 2; L. 2000, ch. 39, § 17; L. 2004, ch. 143, § 1; L. 2005, ch. 83, § 2; L. 2014, ch. 121, § 40; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 15; L. 2023, ch. 66, § 6; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-2704, 17-2802, 17-2803, 17-2902, 17-2903, 17-2904; 8 Del. C. § 102. Cross References to Related Sections: "Articles of incorporation" defined, see 17-6004, 17-7501. Adoption of bylaws, see 17-6007, 17-6008, 17-6009, 17-6102(6). Change of resident agent or location of registered office, see 17-6203, 17-6204. Stock and dividends, see chapter 17, article 64. Amendment of articles of incorporation, see 17-6601, 17-6602. Restated articles of incorporation, see 17-6605. Extension, renewal or reinstatement of articles of incorporation, see 17-7002. Reservation of corporate name, see 17-7402. Annual reports and fees, see 17-7503, 17-7504, 17-7505, 17-7512. Revocation or forfeiture of articles, see 17-6812, 17-6813, 17-7510. Names of professional corporations, see 17-2711. Franchise taxes, see 79-5401. Change of resident agent or location of registered office, see 17-7926, 17-7927, 17-7928, 17-7929. Reservation of corporate name, see 17-7923. Law Review and Bar Journal References: "Statutory Treatment of the Kansas Close Corporation," 13 W.L.J. 494, 497 (1974). "Close Corporations and the Kansas General Corporations Code of 1972," Edwin W. Hecker, Jr., 22 K.L.R. 489, 502 (1974). "Survey of Kansas Law: Business Associations," William E. Treadway, 27 K.L.R. 171, 172 (1979). "Crisis in the Board Room/The Impact on Savings and Loan Management after FSLIC v. Huff," Robert S. Jones, 11 J.K.T.L.A. No. 4, 16 (1988). "A Practitioner's Guide to Tort Reform of the '80s: What Happened and What's Left after Judicial Scrutiny," Jerry R. Palmer and Martha M. Snyder, 57 J.K.B.A. No. 9, 21, 27 (1988). "Personal Liability of Nonprofit Directors," Charles Engel, 60 J.K.B.A. No. 4, 28, 32 (1991). "The Kansas Revised Uniform Partnership Act," Edwin W. Hecker Jr., 68 J.K.B.A. No. 9, 16 (1999). "The Business Judgment Rule in Kansas: From Black and White to Gray; Gray v. Manhattan Medical Center, Inc., 18 P.3d 291 (Kan. Ct. App. 2001)," Molly J. Staab, 41 W.L.J. 231 (2001). "Smith V. Van Gorkom: Managerial Liability and Exculpatory Clause - A Proposal to Fill the Gap of the Missing Officer Protection," Dennis R. Honabach, 45 W.L.J. 307 (2006). "Fiduciary Duties in Business Entities," Edwin W. Hecker, Jr., 54 K.L.R. 975 (2006). Attorney General's Opinions: General provisions; incorporation of cities. 83-148. Reservation of exclusive right to corporate name; reservation of the name "Kansas, Inc." 86-60. Interlocal agreements and filing of articles of incorporation and other instruments; exceptions. 90-3. Kansas guardianship program is nonprofit corporation subject to corporation code. 95-104. Corporate filings; rejection of annual report for failure to perfect organization; rejection of articles of incorporation from nonprofit entity for failure to provide conditions of membership. 1999-26. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. Where record insufficient to show length of corporate existence, question of perpetual existence not raised. State ex rel. Ludwick v. Bryant, 237 Kan. 47, 52, 697 P.2d 858 (1985). 2. Rights of dissenting stockholders electing appraisal discussed. Wichers v. Solomon Valley Feed Lot, Inc., 10 Kan. App. 2d 486, 488, 704 P.2d 383 (1985). 3. Cited in holding provisional director also acting in capacity as custodian to be paid by corporation or from its assets. Coles v. Taliaferro, 251 Kan. 648, 653, 840 P.2d 1102 (1992). 4. Minority shareholders lacked power to veto reverse stock split which would eliminate minority shareholders. Achey v. Linn County Bank, 966 F. Supp. 1026, 1028 (1997).

K.S.A. 17-6003 Execution of deed or other instrument conveying land, real estate or interests therein by corporation; power of attorney.

17-6003. Execution of deed or other instrument conveying land, real estate or interests therein by corporation; power of attorney. (a) If another section of this act or any other law of this state specifically prescribes a manner of executing or filing a specified instrument or a time when such instrument shall become effective, which differs from the corresponding provisions of this section, then the provisions of such other section shall govern. (b) When any corporation conveys any lands or interests therein by deed or other appropriate instrument of conveyance, such deed or instrument shall be executed on behalf of the corporation by any authorized officer of the corporation. Such deed or instrument, when acknowledged by such officer to be the act of the corporation, or proved in the same manner provided for other conveyances of lands, may be recorded in the same manner and with the same effect as other deeds. Corporations likewise shall have power to convey by an agent or attorney so authorized under power of attorney or other instrument containing a power to convey real estate or any interest therein, which power of attorney shall be executed by the corporation in the same manner as herein provided for the execution of deeds or other instruments of conveyance. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 3; L. 1973, ch. 100, § 2; L. 1984, ch. 201, § 12; L. 1987, ch. 89, § 1; L. 1998, ch. 39, § 1; L. 1999, ch. 41, § 10; L. 1999, ch. 149, § 1; L. 2000, ch. 39, § 1; L. 2004, ch. 143, § 2; L. 2009, ch. 64, § 1; L. 2014, ch. 121, § 41; January 1, 2015. Source or Prior Law: 17-2601, 17-2804, 17-3007; 8 Del. C. § 103. Revisor's Note: Section was also amended by L. 1999, ch. 39, § 7, but that version was repealed by L. 1999, ch. 149, § 14. Cross References to Related Sections: Evidentiary effect of articles of incorporation and other corporate instruments filed with secretary of state, see 17-6005. Fees for issuing or filing and indexing corporate documents, see 17-7506. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Unification of procedure for executing and filing corporate documents, William E. Treadway, 40 J.B.A.K. 301, 305 (1971). "Liability Of Corporate Officers For Unlawful Sale Of Securities," Caroline Ong, 90 J.K.B.A. No. 2, 25, 27 (1990). "The New Corporate Landscape: 2004 Kansas General Corporation Code," William Quick, 73 J.K.B.A. No. 7, 30 (2004). Attorney General's Opinions: Certificates; execution. 79-1. Register of deeds; recordation of clinical hypnotist certificate. 80-110. Corporate instruments; execution of deeds or other instruments of conveyance. 81-66. State banking code; merger of bank with general business corporation. 83-29. Interlocal agreements and filing of articles of incorporation and other instruments; exceptions. 90-3. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. No corporation exists until articles of incorporation filed with both register of deeds and secretary of state. State ex rel. McCain v. Construction Enterprises, Inc., 6 Kan. App. 2d 627, 629, 631 P.2d 1240 (1981). 2. Filing articles of incorporation with register of deeds pursuant to subsection (c)(5) is a requirement of corporate existence. Fee Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Snyder, 261 Kan. 414, 415, 930 P.2d 1054 (1997).

K.S.A. 17-6004 Articles of incorporation, defined.

17-6004. Articles of incorporation, defined. "Articles of incorporation," as used in this code, unless the context requires otherwise, includes not only the original articles of incorporation filed to create a corporation, including the charter, articles of association and any other instrument by whatever name known which a corporation has been or may be lawfully formed, but it also includes all other certificates, agreements of merger or consolidation, plans of reorganization or other instruments, however designated, that are filed pursuant to K.S.A. 17-7910 , and amendments thereto, or any other section of this code, the business entity transactions act, K.S.A. 17-78-101 to 17-78-607 , and amendments thereto, or the business entity standard treatment act, K.S.A. 17-7901 to 17-7939 , and amendments thereto, and that have the effect of amending or supplementing in some respect a corporation's articles of incorporation. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 4; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 16; L. 2023, ch. 66, § 7; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-2601; 8 Del. C. § 104. Cross References to Related Sections: "Articles of incorporation" defined for purposes of application and recording fees, see 17-7501. Amendment of articles of incorporation, see 17-6601, 17-6602. Restated articles of incorporation, see 17-6605. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Compared to prior law in "The Kansas Corporation Code of 1972," William E. Treadway, 40 J.B.A.K. 301, 305 (1971). "Non-SEC Whistle-Blowing Obligations of Lawyers Who Represent Organizations," John M. Burman, 46 W.L.J. 127 (2006). Attorney General's Opinions: Corporations—cities' powers of home rule. 89-36.

K.S.A. 17-6005 Evidentiary effect of articles of incorporation and other corporate instruments filed with secretary of state.

17-6005. Evidentiary effect of articles of incorporation and other corporate instruments filed with secretary of state. A copy of the articles of incorporation, or of a restated articles of incorporation, or of any other certificate or instrument which has been filed in the office of the secretary of state as required by any provision of this act, when duly certified by the secretary of state shall be received in all courts, public offices and official bodies as prima facie evidence of: (a) Due execution and filing of the instrument; (b) observance and performance of all acts and conditions necessary to have been observed and performed precedent to the instrument becoming effective; and (c) any other facts required or permitted by law to be stated in the instrument. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 5; L. 1998, ch. 189, § 9; L. 2000, ch. 39, § 18; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-4006; 8 Del. C. § 105. Cross References to Related Sections: Filing and recordation of articles of incorporation and other corporate instruments, see 17-6003. Fees for filing and indexing corporate documents, see 17-7506. Restated articles of incorporation, see 17-6605. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Compared to prior law in "The Kansas Corporation Code of 1972," William E. Treadway, 40 J.B.A.K. 301, 339 (1971). CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. No corporation exists until articles of incorporation filed with both register of deeds and secretary of state. State ex rel. McCain v. Construction Enterprises, Inc., 6 Kan. App. 2d 627, 629, 631 P.2d 1240 (1981).

K.S.A. 17-6006 Commencement of corporate existence.

17-6006. Commencement of corporate existence. Upon the filing with the secretary of state of the articles of incorporation, executed and filed in accordance with K.S.A. 17-7908 through 17-7910 , and amendments thereto, the incorporator or incorporators who signed the certificate, and such incorporator's successors and assigns, shall be and constitute a body corporate from the date of such filing by the name set forth in the articles, subject to the provisions of K.S.A. 17-7911 , and amendments thereto, and subject to dissolution or other termination of its existence as provided in this code. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 6; L. 2000, ch. 39, § 19; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 17; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-2805, 17-2806; 8 Del. C. § 106. Cross References to Related Sections: Dissolution, see 17-6803 through 17-6806. Continuation of corporate existence for certain purposes after dissolution, see 17-6807. Status of corporation after securing extension, renewal or reinstatement of corporate existence, see 17-7003. Attorney General's Opinions: Corporate filings; rejection of annual report for failure to perfect organization; rejection of articles of incorporation from nonprofit entity for failure to provide conditions of membership. 1999-26. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. Cited; prior law construed in holding trial court erred in dismissing action on employment contract against defendants individually named. Meehan v. Adams Enterprises, Inc., 211 Kan. 353, 356, 507 P.2d 849 (1973). 2. No corporation exists until articles of incorporation filed with both register of deeds and secretary of state. State ex rel. McCain v. Construction Enterprises, Inc., 6 Kan. App. 2d 627, 628, 631 P.2d 1240 (1981). 3. Filing articles of incorporation with register of deeds pursuant to K.S.A. 17-6003 is a requirement of corporate existence. Fee Ins. Agency, Inc. v. Snyder, 261 Kan. 414, 419, 930 P.2d 1054 (1997).

K.S.A. 17-6007 Powers of incorporators.

17-6007. Powers of incorporators. If the persons who are to serve as directors until the first annual meeting of stockholders have not been named in the articles of incorporation, the incorporator or incorporators, until the directors are elected, shall manage the affairs of the corporation and may do whatever is necessary and proper to perfect the organization of the corporation, including the adoption of the original bylaws of the corporation and the election of directors. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 7; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 18; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-2703, 17-3107; 8 Del. C. § 107. Cross References to Related Sections: Stock subscriptions, see 17-6415, 17-6416; see also Kansas uniform securities act (chapter 17, article 12a). Adoption of bylaws, see 17-6002 (b) (7), 17-6008, 17-6009, 17-6102 (6). Election of directors at organizational meeting, see 17-6008. Election of directors by stockholders, see chapter 17, article 65. Attorney General's Opinions: Corporate instruments; execution of deeds or other instruments of conveyance. 81-66. Corporate filings; rejection of annual report for failure to perfect organization; rejection of articles of incorporation from nonprofit entity for failure to provide conditions of membership. 1999-26.

K.S.A. 17-6008 Organization meeting of incorporators or directors named in articles of incorporation; purpose; notice; meeting not required, when.

17-6008. Organization meeting of incorporators or directors named in articles of incorporation; purpose; notice; meeting not required, when. (a) After the filing of the articles of incorporation, an organization meeting of the incorporator or incorporators, or of the board of directors if the initial directors were named in the articles of incorporation, shall be held, either within or without this state, at the call of a majority of the incorporators or directors, as the case may be, for the purposes of: (1) Adopting bylaws unless a different provision is made in the articles of incorporation for the adoption thereof; (2) electing directors, if the meeting is of the incorporators, to serve or hold office until the first annual meeting of stockholders or until their successors are elected and qualify; (3) electing officers if the meeting is of the directors; (4) doing any other or further acts to perfect the organization of the corporation; and (5) transacting such other business as may come before the meeting. (b) The persons calling the meeting shall give to each other incorporator or director, as the case may be, at least two days' notice thereof in writing or by electronic transmission by any usual means of communication and such notice shall state the time, place and purposes of the meeting as fixed by the persons calling it. Notice of the meeting need not be given to anyone who attends the meeting or who waives notice either before or after the meeting. (c) (1) Unless otherwise restricted by the articles of incorporation: (A) Any action permitted to be taken at the organization meeting of the incorporators or directors, as the case may be, may be taken without a meeting if each incorporator or director, where there is more than one, or the sole incorporator or director where there is only one, consents thereto in writing or by electronic transmission; and (B) a consent may be documented, signed and delivered in any manner permitted by K.S.A. 17-6016 , and amendments thereto. (2) Any person, whether or not then an incorporator or director, may provide, whether through instruction to an agent or otherwise, that a consent to action will be effective at a future time, including a time determined upon the happening of an event, not later than 60 days after such instruction is given or such provision is made and such consent shall be deemed to have been given for purposes of this subsection at such effective time if such person is then an incorporator or director, as the case may be, and did not revoke the consent prior to such time. Any such consent shall be revocable prior to the time such consent becomes effective. (d) If any incorporator is not available to act, then any person for whom or on whose behalf the incorporator was acting directly or indirectly as employee or agent, may take action that such incorporator would have been authorized to take under this section or K.S.A. 17-6007 , and amendments thereto, except that any instrument signed by such other person, or any record of the proceedings of a meeting in which such person participated, shall state that: (1) Such incorporator is not available and the reason therefor; (2) such incorporator was acting directly or indirectly as employee or agent for or on behalf of such person; and (3) such person's signature on such instrument or participation in such meeting is otherwise authorized and not wrongful. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 8; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 19; L. 2023, ch. 66, § 8; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-2702; 8 Del. C. § 108. Cross References to Related Sections: Adoption of bylaws, see 17-6002 (b) (7), 17-6007, 17-6009, 17-6102 (6). Powers of incorporators, see 17-6007. Consent of directors to action taken without meeting, see 17-6301 (f). Election of officers, see 17-6302. Cumulative voting for directors, see 17-6504. Notice of meetings, see 17-6512. Waiver of notice, see 17-6519. Exceptions to notice requirements, see 17-6520. Attorney General's Opinions: Corporate filings; rejection of annual report for failure to perfect organization; rejection of articles of incorporation from nonprofit entity for failure to provide conditions of membership. 1999-26.

K.S.A. 17-6009 Bylaws; adoption, amendment or repeal; contents.

17-6009. Bylaws; adoption, amendment or repeal; contents. (a) The right to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws of any corporation in existence on July 1, 1972, shall be vested in the corporation's board of directors, unless otherwise provided in such corporation's articles of incorporation and subject to the right of the stockholders to adopt, amend or repeal the bylaws. For all other corporations, the original or other bylaws of a corporation may be adopted, amended or repealed by the incorporators, unless the initial directors were named in the articles of incorporation, or, before a corporation has received any payment for any of its stock or, in the case of a nonstock corporation, before any person has been admitted to membership in the corporation, by its board of directors or governing body, as the case may be. After a corporation has received any payment for any of its stock or, in the case of a nonstock corporation, after any person has been admitted to membership in the corporation, the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws shall be in the stockholders entitled to vote or, in the case of a nonstock corporation, in its members entitled to vote except that, any corporation, in its articles of incorporation, may confer the power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws upon the directors or, in the case of a nonstock corporation, upon its governing body by whatever name designated. The fact that such power has been so conferred upon the directors or governing body, as the case may be, shall not divest the stockholders or members of the power, nor limit their power to adopt, amend or repeal bylaws. (b) The bylaws may contain any provision, not inconsistent with law or with the articles of incorporation, relating to the business of the corporation, the conduct of its affairs, and its rights or powers or the rights or powers of its stockholders, directors, officers or employees. The bylaws may not contain any provision that would impose liability on a stockholder for the attorney fees or expenses of the corporation or any other party in connection with an internal corporate claim, as defined in K.S.A. 17-6015 , and amendments thereto. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 9; L. 1977, ch. 80, § 1; L. 1988, ch. 99, § 4; Revived and amended, L. 1988, ch. 100, § 4; L. 1992, ch. 270, § 2; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 20; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-3001, 17-3107; 8 Del. C. § 109. Cross References to Related Sections: Provisions in articles of incorporation concerning adoption, amendment and repeal of bylaws, see 17-6002(b) (7). Power of incorporators to adopt bylaws, see 17-6007, 17-6008. Emergency bylaws, see 17-6010. General corporate power to adopt, amend and repeal bylaws, see 17-6102 (6). Reorganization of corporation under U.S. statute, see 17-6913. Law Review and Bar Journal References: Authority of shareholders and directors over bylaws analyzed in "Close Corporations and the Kansas General Corporation Code of 1972," Edwin W. Hecker, Jr., 22 K.L.R. 489, 504 (1974). Amendments to subsection (a) discussed in "Survey of Kansas Law: Business Associations," William E. Treadway, 27 K.L.R. 171, 174, 175 (1979). "Personal Liability of Nonprofit Directors," Charles Engel, 60 J.K.B.A. No. 4, 28, 32 (1991). "Non-SEC Whistle-Blowing Obligations of Lawyers Who Represent Organizations," John M. Burman, 46 W.L.J. 127 (2006). Attorney General's Opinions: Open meetings law; quorum change of metropolitan Topeka airport authority. 83-174. CASE ANNOTATIONS 1. Board of directors of insurer organized prior to enactment of code authorized to amend bylaws to provide for change as to number of directors elected. Lincoln American Corp. v. Victory Life Insurance Co., 375 F. Supp. 105, 107 (1973).

K.S.A. 17-6010 Emergency bylaws and exercise of other powers during emergency.

17-6010. Emergency bylaws and exercise of other powers during emergency. (a) The board of directors of any corporation may adopt emergency bylaws, subject to repeal or change by action of the stockholders that, notwithstanding any contrary provision in this code or in chapters 17 and 66 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto, or in the articles of incorporation or bylaws, shall be operative during any emergency resulting from an attack on the United States or on a locality where the corporation conducts its business or customarily holds meetings of its board of directors or its stockholders, or during any nuclear or atomic disaster, or during the existence of any catastrophe, including, but not limited to, an epidemic or pandemic, a declaration of a national emergency by the United States government or other similar emergency condition, irrespective of whether a quorum of the board of directors or a standing committee thereof can readily be convened for action. The emergency bylaws contemplated by this section may be adopted by the board of directors or, if a quorum cannot be readily convened for a meeting, by a majority of the directors present. The emergency bylaws may make any provision that may be practical and necessary for the circumstances of the emergency, including provisions that: (1) A meeting of the board of directors or a committee thereof may be called by any officer or director in such manner and under such conditions as shall be prescribed in the emergency bylaws; (2) the director or directors in attendance at the meeting, or any greater number fixed by the emergency bylaws, shall constitute a quorum; and (3) the officers or other persons designated on a list approved by the board of directors before the emergency, all in such order of priority and subject to such conditions and for such period of time, not longer than reasonably necessary after the termination of the emergency, as may be provided in the emergency bylaws or in the resolution approving the list, shall be deemed directors for such meeting, to the extent required to provide a quorum at any meeting of the board of directors. (b) The board of directors, either before or during any such emergency, may provide, and from time to time modify, lines of succession in the event that during such emergency any or all officers or agents of the corporation shall be rendered incapable of discharging their duties for any reason. (c) The board of directors, either before or during any such emergency, may change the head office or designate several alternative head offices or regional offices, or authorize the offices so to do, effective in the emergency. (d) No officer, director or employee acting in accordance with any emergency bylaws shall be liable except for willful misconduct. (e) To the extent not inconsistent with any emergency bylaws so adopted, the bylaws of the corporation shall remain in effect during any emergency, and upon its termination the emergency bylaws shall cease to be operative. (f) Unless otherwise provided in emergency bylaws, notice of any meeting of the board of directors during such an emergency may be given only to such of the directors as it may be feasible to reach at the time and by such means as may be feasible at the time, including publication or radio. (g) To the extent required to constitute a quorum at any meeting of the board of directors during such an emergency, and unless otherwise provided in emergency bylaws, the officers of the corporation who are present shall be deemed, in order of rank and within the same rank in order of seniority, directors for such meeting. (h) Nothing contained in this section shall be deemed exclusive of any other provisions for emergency powers consistent with other sections of this code that have been or may be adopted by corporations created under the provisions of this code. (i) During any emergency condition of a type described in subsection (a), the board of directors or, if a quorum cannot be readily convened for a meeting, a majority of the directors present may: (1) Take any action that the board determines to be practical and necessary to address the circumstances of such emergency condition with respect to a meeting of stockholders of the corporation notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in this code or in the articles of incorporation or bylaws, including, but not limited to: (A) Postponing any such meeting to a later time or date, with the record date for determining the stockholders entitled to notice of, and to vote at, such meeting applying to the postponed meeting irrespective of K.S.A. 17-6503 , and amendments thereto; and (B) with respect to a corporation subject to the reporting requirements of 15 U.S.C. §§ 78m(a) or 78o(d) and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, notifying stockholders of any postponement or a change of the place of the meeting, or a change to hold the meeting solely by means of remote communication, solely by a document publicly filed by the corporation with the securities and exchange commission pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 78m, 78n or 78o(d) and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder; and (2) with respect to any dividend that has been declared as to which the record date has not occurred, change each of the record date and payment date to a later date or dates, if the changed payment date is not more than 60 days after the record date as changed. In either case, the corporation must give notice of such change to stockholders as promptly as practicable thereafter, and in any event before the record date then in effect, and such notice, in the case of a corporation subject to the reporting requirements of 15 U.S.C. §§ 78m(a) or 78o(d) and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder, may be given solely by a document publicly filed with the securities and exchange commission pursuant to 15 U.S.C. §§ 78m, 78n or 78o(d) and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. No person shall be liable, and no meeting of stockholders shall be postponed or voided, for the failure to make a stocklist available pursuant to K.S.A. 17-6509 , and amendments thereto, if it was not practicable to allow inspection during any such emergency condition. L. 1972, ch. 52, § 10; L. 2016, ch. 110, § 21; L. 2023, ch. 66, § 9; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 17-3011; 8 Del. C. § 110. Cross References to Related Sections: Adoption of bylaws, see 17-6002(b)(7), 17-6007, 17-6008, 17-6009, 17-6102(6).

K.S.A. 17-6011 Jurisdiction to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of corporate instruments and provisions of the Kansas general corporation code.

17-6011. Jurisdiction to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of corporate instruments and provisions of the Kansas general corporation code. (a) Any civil action to interpret, apply, enforce or determine the validity of the provisions of the following may be brought in the district court, except to the extent that a statute confers exclusive jurisdiction on a court, agency or tribunal other than the district court: (1) The articles of incorporation or bylaws of a corporation; (2) any instrument, document or agreement: (A) By which a corporation creates or sells, or offers to create or sell, any of its stock, or any rights or options respecting its stock; (B) to which a corporation and one or more holders of its stock are parties, and pursuant to which any such holder or holders sell or offer to sell any such stock; or (C) by which a corporation agrees to sell, lease or exchange any of its property or assets, and such instrument, document or agreement provides that one or more holders of its stock approve of or consent to such sale, lease or exchange; (3) any written restrictions on the transfer, registration of transfer or ownership of securities under K.S.A. 17-6426 , and amendments thereto; (4) any proxy under K.S.A. 17-6502 or 17-6505 , and amendments thereto; (5) any voting trust or other voting agreement under K.S.A. 17-6508 , and amendments thereto; (6) any agreement, certificate of merger or consolidation or certificate of ownership and merger governed by K.S.A. 17-6701 through 17-6703 or 17-6705 through 17-6708 , and amendments thereto; (7) any certificate of conversion under K.S.A. 17-6713 , and amendments thereto; or (8) any other instrument, document, agreement or certificate required by any provision of this code. (b) Any civil action to interpret, apply or enforce any provision of this code may be brought in the district court. L. 2016, ch. 110, § 1; L. 2023, ch. 66, § 10; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 8 Del. C. § 111.

K.S.A. 17-6012 Access to proxy solicitation materials.

17-6012. Access to proxy solicitation materials. (a) The bylaws may provide that if the corporation solicits proxies with respect to an election of directors, it may be required, to the extent and subject to such procedures or conditions as may be provided in the bylaws, to include in its proxy solicitation materials, including any form of proxy it distributes, in addition to individuals nominated by the board of directors, one or more individuals nominated by a stockholder. Such procedures or conditions may include any of the following: (1) A provision requiring a minimum record or beneficial ownership, or duration of ownership, of shares of the corporation's capital stock, by the nominating stockholder, and defining beneficial ownership to take into account options or other rights in respect of or related to such stock; (2) a provision requiring the nominating stockholder to submit specified information concerning the stockholder and the stockholder's nominees, including information concerning ownership by such persons of shares of the corporation's capital stock, or options or other rights in respect of or related to such stock; (3) a provision conditioning eligibility to require inclusion in the corporation's proxy solicitation materials upon the number or proportion of directors nominated by stockholders or whether the stockholder previously sought to require such inclusion; (4) a provision precluding nominations by any person if such person, any nominee of such person, or any affiliate or associate of such person or nominee, has acquired or publicly proposed to acquire shares constituting a specified percentage of the voting power of the corporation's outstanding voting stock within a specified period before the election of directors; (5) a provision requiring that the nominating stockholder undertake to indemnify the corporation in respect of any loss arising as a result of any false or misleading information or statement submitted by the nominating stockholder in connection with a nomination; and (6) any other lawful condition. (b) This section shall be part of and supplemental to article 60 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto. L. 2016, ch. 110, § 2; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 8 Del. C. § 112.

K.S.A. 17-6013 Proxy expense reimbursement.

17-6013. Proxy expense reimbursement. (a) The bylaws may provide for the reimbursement by the corporation of expenses incurred by a stockholder in soliciting proxies in connection with an election of directors, subject to such procedures or conditions as the bylaws may prescribe, including: (1) Conditioning eligibility for reimbursement upon the number or proportion of persons nominated by the stockholder seeking reimbursement or whether such stockholder previously sought reimbursement for similar expenses; (2) limitations on the amount of reimbursement based upon the proportion of votes cast in favor of one or more of the persons nominated by the stockholder seeking reimbursement, or upon the amount spent by the corporation in soliciting proxies in connection with the election; (3) limitations concerning elections of directors by cumulative voting pursuant to K.S.A. 17-6504 , and amendments thereto; or (4) any other lawful condition. (b) No bylaw so adopted shall apply to elections for which any record date precedes its adoption. (c) This section shall be part of and supplemental to article 60 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto. L. 2016, ch. 110, § 3; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 8 Del. C. § 113.

K.S.A. 17-6014 Application of the Kansas general corporation code to nonstock corporations.

17-6014. Application of the Kansas general corporation code to nonstock corporations. (a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (c), the provisions of the Kansas general corporation code shall apply to nonstock corporations in the manner specified in this subsection: (1) All references to stockholders of the corporation shall be deemed to refer to members of the corporation; (2) all references to the board of directors of the corporation shall be deemed to refer to the governing body of the corporation; (3) all references to directors or to members of the board of directors of the corporation shall be deemed to refer to members of the governing body of the corporation; and (4) all references to stock, capital stock or shares thereof of a corporation authorized to issue capital stock shall be deemed to refer to memberships of a nonprofit nonstock corporation and to membership interests of any other nonstock corporation. (b) Subsection (a) shall not apply to: (1) K.S.A. 17-6002 (a)(4), (b)(1) and (b)(2), 17-6009 (a), 17-6301 , 17-6404 , 17-6505 , 17-6518 , 17-6520 (b), 17-6601 , 17-6602 , 17-6703 , 17-6705 , 17-6706 , 17-6707 , 17-6708 , 17-6801 , 17-6805 , 17-6805a , 17-7001 , 17-7002 , 17-7503 (d)(4), 17-7504 and 17-7505 (d)(4), and amendments thereto, and K.S.A. 17-6014, and amendments thereto, that apply to nonstock corporations by their terms; (2) K.S.A. 17-6002 (e), the last sentence of 17-6009 (b), 17-6401 , 17-6402 , 17-6403 , 17-6405 , 17-6406 , 17-6407 (d), 17-6408 , 17-6411 , 17-6412 , 17-6413 , 17-6414 , 17-6415 , 17-6416 , 17-6417 , 17-6418 , 17-6501 , 17-6502 , 17-6503 , 17-6504 , 17-6506 , 17-6509 , 17-6512 , 17-6521 , 17-6603 , 17-6604 , 17-6701 , 17-6702 , 17-6803 and 17-6804 , and amendments thereto, and K.S.A. 17-6427 and 17-72a04 , and amendments thereto; and (3) articles 72 and 73 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto. (c) In the case of a nonprofit nonstock corporation, subsection (a) shall not apply to: (1) The sections and articles listed in subsection (b); (2) K.S.A. 17-6002 (b)(3), 17-6304 (a)(2), 17-6507 , 17-6508 , 17-6712 , 17-7503 , 17-7505 and 17-7509 , and amendments thereto, and K.S.A. 17-6011 (a)(2) and (a)(3), and amendments thereto; and (3) article 64 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto, other than K.S.A. 17-6428 and 17-6429 , and amendments thereto, and K.S.A. 17-72a01 through 17-72a09 , and amendments thereto. (d) For purposes of the Kansas general corporation code: (1) A "charitable nonstock corporation" is any nonprofit nonstock corporation that is exempt from taxation under § 501(c)(3) of the federal internal revenue code of 1986, 26 U.S.C. § 501(c)(3); (2) a "membership interest" is, unless otherwise provided in a nonstock corporation's articles of incorporation, a member's share of the profits and losses of a nonstock corporation or a member's right to receive distributions of the nonstock corporation's assets, or both; (3) a "nonprofit nonstock corporation" is a nonstock corporation that does not have membership interests; and (4) a "nonstock corporation" is any corporation organized under the Kansas general corporation code that is not authorized to issue capital stock. L. 2016, ch. 110, § 4; L. 2017, ch. 71, § 10; L. 2021, ch. 61, § 11; L. 2021, ch. 61, § 12; L. 2023, ch. 66, § 11; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 8 Del. C. § 114.

K.S.A. 17-6015 Forum selection provisions regarding internal corporate claims.

17-6015. Forum selection provisions regarding internal corporate claims. (a) The articles of incorporation or the bylaws may require, consistent with applicable jurisdictional requirements, that any or all internal corporate claims shall be brought solely and exclusively in any or all of the courts in this state, and no provision of the articles of incorporation or the bylaws may prohibit bringing such claims in the courts of this state. "Internal corporate claims" means claims, including claims in the right of the corporation: (1) That are based upon a violation of a duty by a current or former director or officer or stockholder in such capacity; or (2) as to which this title* confers jurisdiction upon the district court. (b) This section shall be part of and supplemental to article 60 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto. L. 2016, ch. 110, § 5; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 8 Del. C. § 115. Revisor's Note: * The phrase "this title" means the Kansas general corporation code.

K.S.A. 17-6016 Document form, signature and delivery.

17-6016. Document form, signature and delivery. (a) (1) Except as provided in subsection (b), without limiting the manner in which any act or transaction may be documented or the manner in which a document may be signed or delivered: (A) Any act or transaction contemplated or governed by this code or the articles of incorporation or bylaws may be provided for in a document. An electronic transmission shall be deemed the equivalent of a written document. "Document" means: (i) Any tangible medium on which information is inscribed and includes handwritten, typed, printed or similar instruments and copies of such instruments; and (ii) an electronic transmission. (B) Whenever this code or the articles of incorporation or bylaws require or permit a signature, the signature may be a manual, facsimile, conformed or electronic signature. "Electronic signature" means an electronic symbol or process that is attached to, or logically associated with, a document and executed or adopted by a person with an intent to execute, authenticate or adopt the document. A person may execute a document with such person's signature. (C) Unless otherwise agreed between the sender and recipient, and in the case of proxies or consents given by or on behalf of a stockholder, subject to the additional requirements set forth in K.S.A. 17-6502 (c)(2) and (c)(3) or 17-6518 (d)(1), and amendments thereto, an electronic transmission shall be deemed delivered to a person for purposes of this code and the articles of incorporation and bylaws when such electronic transmission enters an information processing system that the person has designated for the purpose of receiving electronic transmissions of the type delivered if the electronic transmission is in a form capable of being processed by that system and such person is able to retrieve the electronic transmission. Whether a person has designated an information processing system is determined by the articles of incorporation or bylaws or from the context and surrounding circumstances, including the parties' conduct. An electronic transmission is delivered under this section even if no person is aware of such transmission's receipt. Receipt of an electronic acknowledgement from an information processing system establishes that an electronic transmission was received but, by itself, does not establish that the content sent corresponds to the content received. (2) This code shall not prohibit one or more persons from conducting a transaction in accordance with the uniform electronic transactions act, K.S.A. 16-1601 et seq., and amendments thereto, if the part or parts of the transaction that are governed by the code are documented, signed and delivered in accordance with this subsection or otherwise in accordance with the code. This subsection shall apply solely for purposes of determining whether an act or transaction has been documented, signed and delivered in accordance with this code and the articles of incorporation and bylaws. (b) (1) Subsection (a) shall not apply to: (A) A document filed with or submitted to the secretary of state, the clerk of a district court or a court or other judicial or governmental body of this state; (B) a document comprising part of the stock ledger; (C) a certificate representing a security; (D) a document referenced as a notice, or waiver of notice, by this code or the articles of incorporation or bylaws and that expressly provides the manner of signing or delivery; (E) a ballot to vote on actions at a meeting of stockholders; and (F) an act or transaction effected pursuant to K.S.A. 17-6808a , and amendments thereto, article 71 or 73 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto, or the business entity standards treatment act, K.S.A. 17-7901 et seq., and amendments thereto. (2) The provisions of paragraph (1) shall not create any presumption about the lawful means to document a matter addressed by this subsection or the lawful means to sign or deliver a document addressed by this subsection. No provision of the articles of incorporation or bylaws shall limit the application of subsection (a) except for a provision that expressly restricts or prohibits the use of an electronic transmission or electronic signature, or any form thereof, or expressly restricts or prohibits the delivery of an electronic transmission to an information processing system. (c) In the event that any provision of this code is deemed to modify, limit or supersede the federal electronic signatures in global and national commerce act, 15 U.S.C. § 7001 et. seq., the provisions of this code shall control to the fullest extent permitted by 15 U.S.C. § 7002(a)(2). (d) This section shall be a part of and supplemental to article 60 of chapter 17 of the Kansas Statutes Annotated, and amendments thereto. L. 2023, ch. 66, § 1; July 1. Source or Prior Law: 8 Del. C. § 116.

Source: Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes (ksrevisor.gov)URL: https://www.ksrevisor.gov/statutes/ksa_ch17.htmlFetched: 10/20/2026