78A-2-803. Appointment of attorney guardian ad litem -- Duties and responsibilities -- Training -- Trained staff and court-appointed special advocate volunteers -- Costs -- Immunity -- Annual report.
(1)
(a) The court:
(i) may appoint an attorney guardian ad litem to represent a minor involved in any case before the court; and
(ii) shall consider the best interest of a minor, consistent with the provisions of Section 80-2a-201, in determining whether to appoint a guardian ad litem.
(b) In all cases where an attorney guardian ad litem is appointed, the court shall make a finding that establishes the necessity of the appointment within seven days of the appointment.
(2) Following appointment by the court, an attorney guardian ad litem shall represent the minor who is the subject of an abuse, neglect, or dependency petition in accordance with Subsection (8).
(3) The director shall ensure that each attorney guardian ad litem employed by the office:
(a) represents the best interest of each client of the office in all venues, including:
(i) court proceedings; and
(ii) meetings to develop, review, or modify the child and family plan with the division in accordance with Section 80-3-307;
(b) before representing any minor before the court, be trained in:
(i) applicable statutory, regulatory, and case law; and
(ii) nationally recognized standards for an attorney guardian ad litem;
(c) conducts or supervises an ongoing, independent investigation in order to obtain, first-hand, a clear understanding of the situation, needs, and wishes of the minor;
(d)
(i) personally meets with the minor, unless:
(A) the minor is outside of the state; or
(B) meeting with the minor would be detrimental to the minor;
(ii) personally interviews the minor, unless:
(A) the minor is not old enough to communicate;
(B) the minor lacks the capacity to participate in a meaningful interview; or
(C) the interview would be detrimental to the minor; and
(iii) if the minor is placed in an out-of-home placement, or is being considered for placement in an out-of-home placement, unless it would be detrimental to the minor, to the extent possible, determines the minor's goals and concerns regarding placement;
(e) personally attends all review hearings pertaining to the minor's case;
(f) participates in all appeals, unless excused by order of the court;
(g) is familiar with local experts who can provide consultation and testimony regarding the reasonableness and appropriateness of efforts made by the division to:
(i) maintain a minor in the minor's home; or
(ii) reunify a minor with a minor's parent;
(h) to the extent possible, and unless it would be detrimental to the minor, personally or through a trained volunteer, paralegal, or other trained staff, keeps the minor advised of:
(i) the status of the minor's case;
(ii) all court and administrative proceedings;
(iii) discussions with, and proposals made by, other parties;
(iv) court action; and
(v) the psychiatric, medical, or other treatment or diagnostic services that are to be provided to the minor;
(i) in cases where a child and family plan is required, personally or through a trained volunteer, paralegal, or other trained staff, monitors implementation of a minor's child and family plan and any dispositional orders to:
(i) determine whether services ordered by the court:
(A) are actually provided; and
(B) are provided in a timely manner; and
(ii) assess whether services ordered by the court are accomplishing the intended goal of the services; and
(j) makes all necessary court filings to advance the orders and established goals of the court.
(4)
(a) Consistent with this Subsection (4), an attorney guardian ad litem may use trained volunteers, in accordance with Title 67, Chapter 20, Volunteer Government Workers Act, trained paralegals, and other trained staff to assist in investigation and preparation of information regarding the cases of individual minors before the court.
(b) A volunteer, paralegal, or other staff utilized under this section shall be trained in and follow, at a minimum, the guidelines established by the United States Department of Justice National Court Appointed Special Advocate Association.
(5) The attorney guardian ad litem shall continue to represent the best interest of the minor until released from that duty by the court.
(6)
(a) Consistent with Subsection (6)(b), the juvenile court is responsible for:
(i) all costs resulting from the appointment of an attorney guardian ad litem; and
(ii) the costs of volunteer, paralegal, and other staff appointment and training.
(b) The court shall use funds appropriated by the Legislature for the guardian ad litem program to cover the costs described in Subsection (6)(a).
(c)
(i) When the court appoints an attorney guardian ad litem under this section, the court may assess all or part of the attorney fees, court costs, and paralegal, staff, and volunteer expenses against the minor's parents, parent, or legal guardian in a proportion that the court determines to be just and appropriate, taking into consideration costs already borne by the parents, parent, or legal guardian, including:
(A) private attorney fees;
(B) counseling for the minor;
(C) counseling for the parent, if mandated by the court or recommended by the division; and
(D) any other cost the court determines to be relevant.
(ii) The court may not assess the fees or costs described in Subsection (6)(c)(i) against:
(A) a legal guardian, when that guardian is the state; or
(B) consistent with Subsection (6)(d), a parent who is found to be an indigent individual.
(d) For purposes of Subsection (6)(c)(ii)(B), if an individual claims to be an indigent individual, the court shall:
(i) require the individual to submit an affidavit of indigency as provided in Section 78A-2-302; and
(ii) follow the procedures and make the determinations as provided in Section 78A-2-304.
(e) The minor's parents, parent, or legal guardian may appeal the court's determination, under Subsection (6)(c), of fees, costs, and expenses.
(7) An attorney guardian ad litem appointed under this section, when serving in the scope of the attorney guardian's ad litem duties as guardian ad litem is considered an employee of the state for purposes of indemnification under Title 63G, Chapter 7, Governmental Immunity Act of Utah.
(8)
(a) An attorney guardian ad litem shall represent the best interest of a minor.
(b) If the minor's wishes differ from the attorney's determination of the minor's best interest, the attorney guardian ad litem shall:
(i) communicate the minor's wishes to the court in addition to presenting the attorney's determination of the minor's best interest; and
(ii) provide the basis for the attorney's determination to the court and to the minor.
(c) A difference between the minor's wishes and the attorney's determination of best interest may not be considered a conflict of interest for the attorney.
(d) The guardian ad litem shall disclose the wishes of the minor unless the minor:
(i) instructs the guardian ad litem to not disclose the minor's wishes; or
(ii) has not expressed any wishes.
(e) The court may appoint one attorney guardian ad litem to represent the best interests of minor siblings if no conflict is present.
(9) At each hearing, the attorney guardian ad litem shall inform the court:
(a) whether the minor expressed a desire to be present at the hearing; and
(b) of the date that the attorney guardian ad litem most recently spoke with the minor, including whether the interaction was:
(i) directly with the minor in person;
(ii) directly with the minor through telephone, video, or writing; or
(iii) indirectly with the minor through an assigned trained volunteer, in accordance with Subsection (4).
(10)
(a) A minor may request a change in an appointed attorney guardian ad litem directly if there is good cause.
(b) The court shall determine whether to change the appointed attorney guardian ad litem.
(11) The division shall provide an attorney guardian ad litem access to all division records regarding the minor at issue and the minor's family.
(12)
(a) An attorney guardian ad litem shall conduct an independent investigation regarding the minor at issue, the minor's family, and what is in the best interest of the minor.
(b) An attorney guardian ad litem may interview the minor's child welfare caseworker, but may not:
(i) rely exclusively on the conclusions and findings of the division; or
(ii) except as provided in Subsection (12)(c), conduct a visit with the client in conjunction with the visit of a child welfare caseworker.
(c)
(i) An attorney guardian ad litem may meet with a client during a team meeting, court hearing, or similar venue when a child welfare caseworker is present for a purpose other than the attorney guardian ad litem's meeting with the client.
(ii) A party and the party's counsel may attend a team meeting in accordance with the Utah Rules of Professional Conduct.
(13)
(a) An attorney guardian ad litem shall maintain current and accurate records regarding:
(i) the number of times the attorney has had contact with each minor; and
(ii) the actions the attorney has taken in representation of the minor's best interest.
(b) In every hearing where the attorney guardian ad litem makes a recommendation regarding the best interest of the minor, the court shall require the attorney guardian ad litem to disclose the activities and sources of the attorney guardian ad litem's independent investigation and factors that form the basis of the recommendation.
(14)
(a) Except as provided in Subsection (14)(b), and notwithstanding Title 63G, Chapter 2, Government Records Access and Management Act, all records of an attorney guardian ad litem are confidential and may not be released or made public upon subpoena, search warrant, discovery proceedings, or otherwise.
(b) Consistent with Subsection (14)(d), all records of an attorney guardian ad litem:
(i) are subject to legislative subpoena, under Title 36, Chapter 14, Legislative Subpoena Powers; and
(ii) shall be released to the Legislature.
(c)
(i) Except as provided in Subsection (14)(c)(ii), the Legislature shall maintain records released in accordance with Subsection (14)(b) as confidential.
(ii) Notwithstanding Subsection (14)(c)(i), the Office of the Legislative Auditor General may include summary data and nonidentifying information in the office's audits and reports to the Legislature.
(d)
(i) Subsection (14)(b) is an exception to Utah Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 1.6, as provided by Rule 1.6(b)(4), because of:
(A) the unique role of an attorney guardian ad litem described in Subsection (8); and
(B) the state's role and responsibility to provide a guardian ad litem program, and as parens patriae, to protect minors.
(ii) A claim of attorney-client privilege does not bar access to the records of an attorney guardian ad litem by the Legislature, through legislative subpoena.
(15)
(a) An attorney guardian ad litem shall respond to case-related discovery.
(b) Interrogatories, requests for admissions, or depositions may not be imposed on a minor.
(16)
(a) An attorney guardian ad litem should make a best interest recommendation based on the attorney guardian ad litem's direct knowledge and independent and personal investigation.
(b) The Office of Guardian ad Litem's director or a managing attorney shall preserve the independent investigation of an attorney guardian ad litem as required in Subsection (12)(a) and may not direct an attorney guardian ad litem to take a certain position or make a particular recommendation.
(17) When making a ruling, the juvenile court may consider the minor's wishes.
Amended by Chapter 135, 2026 General Session
