Tax on nonresident alien individuals

26 U.S.C. § 871
in effect
Sign in to generate a plain English summaryAsk Belisarius Agent
(a) Income not connected with United States business—30 percent tax(1) Income other than capital gainsExcept as provided in subsection (h), there is hereby imposed for each taxable year a tax of 30 percent of the amount received from sources within the United States by a nonresident alien individual as—(A) interest (other than original issue discount as defined in section 1273), dividends, rents, salaries, wages, premiums, annuities, compensations, remunerations, emoluments, and other fixed or determinable annual or periodical gains, profits, and income, (B) gains described in subsection (b) or (c) of section 631, (C) in the case of—(i) a sale or exchange of an original issue discount obligation, the amount of the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the nonresident alien individual (to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under clause (ii)), and (ii) a payment on an original issue discount obligation, an amount equal to the original issue discount accruing while such obligation was held by the nonresident alien individual (except that such original issue discount shall be taken into account under this clause only to the extent such discount was not theretofore taken into account under this clause and only to the extent that the tax thereon does not exceed the payment less the tax imposed by subparagraph (A) thereon), and (D) gains from the sale or exchange after October 4, 1966, of patents, copyrights, secret processes and formulas, good will, trademarks, trade brands, franchises, and other like property, or of any interest in any such property, to the extent such gains are from payments which are contingent on the productivity, use, or disposition of the property or interest sold or exchanged, but only to the extent the amount so received is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. (2) Capital gains of aliens present in the United States 183 days or moreIn the case of a nonresident alien individual present in the United States for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the taxable year, there is hereby imposed for such year a tax of 30 percent of the amount by which his gains, derived from sources within the United States, from the sale or exchange at any time during such year of capital assets exceed his losses, allocable to sources within the United States, from the sale or exchange at any time during such year of capital assets. For purposes of this paragraph, gains and losses shall be taken into account only if, and to the extent that, they would be recognized and taken into account if such gains and losses were effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, except that such gains and losses shall be determined without regard to section 1202 and such losses shall be determined without the benefits of the capital loss carryover provided in section 1212. Any gain or loss which is taken into account in determining the tax under paragraph (1) or subsection (b) shall not be taken into account in determining the tax under this paragraph. For purposes of the 183-day requirement of this paragraph, a nonresident alien individual not engaged in trade or business within the United States who has not established a taxable year for any prior period shall be treated as having a taxable year which is the calendar year. (3) Taxation of social security benefitsFor purposes of this section and section 1441—(A) 85 percent of any social security benefit (as defined in section 86(d)) shall be included in gross income (notwithstanding section 207 of the Social Security Act), and (B) section 86 shall not apply. (b) Income connected with United States business—graduated rate of tax(1) Imposition of taxA nonresident alien individual engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year shall be taxable as provided in section 1 or 55 on his taxable income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. (2) Determination of taxable incomeIn determining taxable income for purposes of paragraph (1), gross income includes only gross income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. (c) Participants in certain exchange or training programsFor purposes of this section, a nonresident alien individual who (without regard to this subsection) is not engaged in trade or business within the United States and who is temporarily present in the United States as a nonimmigrant under subparagraph (F), (J), (M), or (Q) of section 101(a)(15) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, as amended (8 U.S.C. 1101(a)(15)(F), (J), (M), or (Q)), shall be treated as a nonresident alien individual engaged in trade or business within the United States, and any income described in the second sentence of section 1441(b) which is received by such individual shall, to the extent derived from sources within the United States, be treated as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. (d) Election to treat real property income as income connected with United States business(1) In generalA nonresident alien individual who during the taxable year derives any income—(A) from real property held for the production of income and located in the United States, or from any interest in such real property, including (i) gains from the sale or exchange of such real property or an interest therein, (ii) rents or royalties from mines, wells, or other natural deposits, and (iii) gains described in section 631(b) or (c), and (B) which, but for this subsection, would not be treated as income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, may elect for such taxable year to treat all such income as income which is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. In such case, such income shall be taxable as provided in subsection (b)(1) whether or not such individual is engaged in trade or business within the United States during the taxable year. An election under this paragraph for any taxable year shall remain in effect for all subsequent taxable years, except that it may be revoked with the consent of the Secretary with respect to any taxable year. (2) Election after revocationIf an election has been made under paragraph (1) and such election has been revoked, a new election may not be made under such paragraph for any taxable year before the 5th taxable year which begins after the first taxable year for which such revocation is effective, unless the Secretary consents to such new election. (3) Form and time of election and revocationAn election under paragraph (1), and any revocation of such an election, may be made only in such manner and at such time as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe. [(e) Repealed. Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, § 1211(b)(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2536] (f) Certain annuities received under qualified plans(1) In generalFor purposes of this section, gross income does not include any amount received as an annuity under a qualified annuity plan described in section 403(a)(1), or from a qualified trust described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a), if—(A) all of the personal services by reason of which the annuity is payable were either—(i) personal services performed outside the United States by an individual who, at the time of performance of such personal services, was a nonresident alien, or (ii) personal services described in section 864(b)(1) performed within the United States by such individual, and (B) at the time the first amount is paid as an annuity under the annuity plan or by the trust, 90 percent or more of the employees for whom contributions or benefits are provided under such annuity plan, or under the plan or plans of which the trust is a part, are citizens or residents of the United States. (2) ExclusionIncome received during the taxable year which would be excluded from gross income under this subsection but for the requirement of paragraph (1)(B) shall not be included in gross income if—(A) the recipient’s country of residence grants a substantially equivalent exclusion to residents and citizens of the United States; or (B) the recipient’s country of residence is a beneficiary developing country under title V of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2461 et seq.). (g) Special rules for original issue discountFor purposes of this section and section 881—(1) Original issue discount obligation(A) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), the term “original issue discount obligation” means any bond or other evidence of indebtedness having original issue discount (within the meaning of section 1273). (B) ExceptionsThe term “original issue discount obligation” shall not include—(i) Certain short-term obligationsAny obligation payable 183 days or less from the date of original issue (without regard to the period held by the taxpayer). (ii) Tax-exempt obligationsAny obligation the interest on which is exempt from tax under section 103 or under any other provision of law without regard to the identity of the holder. (2) Determination of portion of original issue discount accruing during any periodThe determination of the amount of the original issue discount which accrues during any period shall be made under the rules of section 1272 (or the corresponding provisions of prior law) without regard to any exception for short-term obligations. (3) Source of original issue discountExcept to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the determination of whether any amount described in subsection (a)(1)(C) is from sources within the United States shall be made at the time of the payment (or sale or exchange) as if such payment (or sale or exchange) involved the payment of interest. (4) Stripped bondsThe provisions of section 1286 (relating to the treatment of stripped bonds and stripped coupons as obligations with original issue discount) shall apply for purposes of this section. (h) Repeal of tax on interest of nonresident alien individuals received from certain portfolio debt investments(1) In generalIn the case of any portfolio interest received by a nonresident individual from sources within the United States, no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(C) of subsection (a). (2) Portfolio interestFor purposes of this subsection, the term “portfolio interest” means any interest (including original issue discount) which—(A) would be subject to tax under subsection (a) but for this subsection, and (B) is paid on an obligation—(i) which is in registered form, and (ii) with respect to which—(I) the United States person who would otherwise be required to deduct and withhold tax from such interest under section 1441(a) receives a statement (which meets the requirements of paragraph (5)) that the beneficial owner of the obligation is not a United States person, or (II) the Secretary has determined that such a statement is not required in order to carry out the purposes of this subsection. (3) Portfolio interest not to include interest received by 10-percent shareholdersFor purposes of this subsection—(A) In generalThe term “portfolio interest” shall not include any interest described in paragraph (2) which is received by a 10-percent shareholder. (B) 10-Percent shareholderThe term “10-percent shareholder” means—(i) in the case of an obligation issued by a corporation, any person who owns 10 percent or more of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or (ii) in the case of an obligation issued by a partnership, any person who owns 10 percent or more of the capital or profits interest in such partnership. (C) Attribution rulesFor purposes of determining ownership of stock under subparagraph (B)(i) the rules of section 318(a) shall apply, except that—(i) section 318(a)(2)(C) shall be applied without regard to the 50-percent limitation therein, (ii) section 318(a)(3)(C) shall be applied—(I) without regard to the 50-percent limitation therein; and (II) in any case where such section would not apply but for subclause (I), by considering a corporation as owning the stock (other than stock in such corporation) which is owned by or for any shareholder of such corporation in that proportion which the value of the stock which such shareholder owns in such corporation bears to the value of all stock in such corporation, and (iii) any stock which a person is treated as owning after application of section 318(a)(4) shall not, for purposes of applying paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 318(a), be treated as actually owned by such person. Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of the preceding sentence shall be applied in determining the ownership of the capital or profits interest in a partnership for purposes of subparagraph (B)(ii). (4) Portfolio interest not to include certain contingent interestFor purposes of this subsection—(A) In generalExcept as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term “portfolio interest” shall not include—(i) any interest if the amount of such interest is determined by reference to—(I) any receipts, sales or other cash flow of the debtor or a related person, (II) any income or profits of the debtor or a related person, (III) any change in value of any property of the debtor or a related person, or (IV) any dividend, partnership distributions, or similar payments made by the debtor or a related person, or (ii) any other type of contingent interest that is identified by the Secretary by regulation, where a denial of the portfolio interest exemption is necessary or appropriate to prevent avoidance of Federal income tax. (B) Related personThe term “related person” means any person who is related to the debtor within the meaning of section 267(b) or 707(b)(1), or who is a party to any arrangement undertaken for a purpose of avoiding the application of this paragraph. (C) ExceptionsSubparagraph (A)(i) shall not apply to—(i) any amount of interest solely by reason of the fact that the timing of any interest or principal payment is subject to a contingency, (ii) any amount of interest solely by reason of the fact that the interest is paid with respect to nonrecourse or limited recourse indebtedness, (iii) any amount of interest all or substantially all of which is determined by reference to any other amount of interest not described in subparagraph (A) (or by reference to the principal amount of indebtedness on which such other interest is paid), (iv) any amount of interest solely by reason of the fact that the debtor or a related person enters into a hedging transaction to manage the risk of interest rate or currency fluctuations with respect to such interest, (v) any amount of interest determined by reference to—(I) changes in the value of property (including stock) that is actively traded (within the meaning of section 1092(d)) other than property described in section 897(c)(1) or (g), (II) the yield on property described in subclause (I), other than a debt instrument that pays interest described in subparagraph (A), or stock or other property that represents a beneficial interest in the debtor or a related person, or (III) changes in any index of the value of property described in subclause (I) or of the yield on property described in subclause (II), and (vi) any other type of interest identified by the Secretary by regulation. (D) Exception for certain existing indebtednessSubparagraph (A) shall not apply to any interest paid or accrued with respect to any indebtedness with a fixed term—(i) which was issued on or before April 7, 1993, or (ii) which was issued after such date pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on such date and at all times thereafter before such indebtedness was issued. (5) Certain statementsA statement with respect to any obligation meets the requirements of this paragraph if such statement is made by—(A) the beneficial owner of such obligation, or (B) a securities clearing organization, a bank, or other financial institution that holds customers’ securities in the ordinary course of its trade or business. The preceding sentence shall not apply to any statement with respect to payment of interest on any obligation by any person if, at least one month before such payment, the Secretary has published a determination that any statement from such person (or any class including such person) does not meet the requirements of this paragraph. (6) Secretary may provide subsection not to apply in cases of inadequate information exchange(A) In generalIf the Secretary determines that the exchange of information between the United States and a foreign country is inadequate to prevent evasion of the United States income tax by United States persons, the Secretary may provide in writing (and publish a statement) that the provisions of this subsection shall not apply to payments of interest to any person within such foreign country (or payments addressed to, or for the account of, persons within such foreign country) during the period—(i) beginning on the date specified by the Secretary, and (ii) ending on the date that the Secretary determines that the exchange of information between the United States and the foreign country is adequate to prevent the evasion of United States income tax by United States persons. (B) Exception for certain obligationsSubparagraph (A) shall not apply to the payment of interest on any obligation which is issued on or before the date of the publication of the Secretary’s determination under such subparagraph. (7) Registered formFor purposes of this subsection, the term “registered form” has the same meaning given such term by section 163(f). (i) Tax not to apply to certain interest and dividends(1) In generalNo tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) or (1)(C) of subsection (a) on any amount described in paragraph (2). (2) Amounts to which paragraph (1) appliesThe amounts described in this paragraph are as follows:(A) Interest on deposits, if such interest is not effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States. (B) The active foreign business percentage of—(i) any dividend paid by an existing 80/20 company, and (ii) any interest paid by an existing 80/20 company. (C) Income derived by a foreign central bank of issue from bankers’ acceptances. (D) Dividends paid by a foreign corporation which are treated under section 861(a)(2)(B) as income from sources within the United States. (3) DepositsFor purposes of paragraph (2), the term “deposits” means amounts which are—(A) deposits with persons carrying on the banking business, (B) deposits or withdrawable accounts with savings institutions chartered and supervised as savings and loan or similar associations under Federal or State law, but only to the extent that amounts paid or credited on such deposits or accounts are deductible under section 591 (determined without regard to sections 265 and 291) in computing the taxable income of such institutions, and (C) amounts held by an insurance company under an agreement to pay interest thereon. (j) Exemption for certain gambling winningsNo tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) of subsection (a) on the proceeds from a wager placed in any of the following games: blackjack, baccarat, craps, roulette, or big-6 wheel. The preceding sentence shall not apply in any case where the Secretary determines by regulation that the collection of the tax is administratively feasible. (k) Exemption for certain dividends of regulated investment companies(1) Interest-related dividends(A) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) of subsection (a) on any interest-related dividend received from a regulated investment company which meets the requirements of section 852(a) for the taxable year with respect to which the dividend is paid. (B) ExceptionsSubparagraph (A) shall not apply—(i) to any interest-related dividend received from a regulated investment company by a person to the extent such dividend is attributable to interest (other than interest described in subparagraph (E)(i) or (iii)) received by such company on indebtedness issued by such person or by any corporation or partnership with respect to which such person is a 10-percent shareholder, (ii) to any interest-related dividend with respect to stock of a regulated investment company unless the person who would otherwise be required to deduct and withhold tax from such dividend under chapter 3 receives a statement (which meets requirements similar to the requirements of subsection (h)(5)) that the beneficial owner of such stock is not a United States person, and (iii) to any interest-related dividend paid to any person within a foreign country (or any interest-related dividend payment addressed to, or for the account of, persons within such foreign country) during any period described in subsection (h)(6) with respect to such country. Clause (iii) shall not apply to any dividend with respect to any stock which was acquired on or before the date of the publication of the Secretary’s determination under subsection (h)(6). (C) Interest-related dividendFor purposes of this paragraph—(i) In generalExcept as provided in clause (ii), an interest related dividend is any dividend, or part thereof, which is reported by the company as an interest related dividend in written statements furnished to its shareholders. (ii) Excess reported amountsIf the aggregate reported amount with respect to the company for any taxable year exceeds the qualified net interest income of the company for such taxable year, an interest related dividend is the excess of—(I) the reported interest related dividend amount, over (II) the excess reported amount which is allocable to such reported interest related dividend amount. (iii) Allocation of excess reported amount(I) In generalExcept as provided in subclause (II), the excess reported amount (if any) which is allocable to the reported interest related dividend amount is that portion of the excess reported amount which bears the same ratio to the excess reported amount as the reported interest related dividend amount bears to the aggregate reported amount. (II) Special rule for noncalendar year taxpayersIn the case of any taxable year which does not begin and end in the same calendar year, if the post-December reported amount equals or exceeds the excess reported amount for such taxable year, subclause (I) shall be applied by substituting “post-December reported amount” for “aggregate reported amount” and no excess reported amount shall be allocated to any dividend paid on or before December 31 of such taxable year. (iv) DefinitionsFor purposes of this subparagraph—(I) Reported interest related dividend amountThe term “reported interest related dividend amount” means the amount reported to its shareholders under clause (i) as an interest related dividend. (II) Excess reported amountThe term “excess reported amount” means the excess of the aggregate reported amount over the qualified net interest income of the company for the taxable year. (III) Aggregate reported amountThe term “aggregate reported amount” means the aggregate amount of dividends reported by the company under clause (i) as interest related dividends for the taxable year (including interest related dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 855). (IV) Post-December reported amountThe term “post-December reported amount” means the aggregate reported amount determined by taking into account only dividends paid after December 31 of the taxable year. (D) Qualified net interest incomeFor purposes of subparagraph (C), the term “qualified net interest income” means the qualified interest income of the regulated investment company reduced by the deductions properly allocable to such income. (E) Qualified interest incomeFor purposes of subparagraph (D), the term “qualified interest income” means the sum of the following amounts derived by the regulated investment company from sources within the United States:(i) Any amount includible in gross income as original issue discount (within the meaning of section 1273) on an obligation payable 183 days or less from the date of original issue (without regard to the period held by the company). (ii) Any interest includible in gross income (including amounts recognized as ordinary income in respect of original issue discount or market discount or acquisition discount under part V of subchapter P and such other amounts as regulations may provide) on an obligation which is in registered form; except that this clause shall not apply to—(I) any interest on an obligation issued by a corporation or partnership if the regulated investment company is a 10-percent shareholder in such corporation or partnership, and (II) any interest which is treated as not being portfolio interest under the rules of subsection (h)(4). (iii) Any interest referred to in subsection (i)(2)(A) (without regard to the trade or business of the regulated investment company). (iv) Any interest-related dividend includable in gross income with respect to stock of another regulated investment company. (F) 10-percent shareholderFor purposes of this paragraph, the term “10-percent shareholder” has the meaning given such term by subsection (h)(3)(B). (2) Short-term capital gain dividends(A) In generalExcept as provided in subparagraph (B), no tax shall be imposed under paragraph (1)(A) of subsection (a) on any short-term capital gain dividend received from a regulated investment company which meets the requirements of section 852(a) for the taxable year with respect to which the dividend is paid. (B) Exception for aliens taxable under subsection (a)(2)Subparagraph (A) shall not apply in the case of any nonresident alien individual subject to tax under subsection (a)(2). (C) Short-term capital gain dividendFor purposes of this paragraph—(i) In generalExcept as provided in clause (ii), the term “short-term capital gain dividend” means any dividend, or part thereof, which is reported by the company as a short-term capital gain dividend in written statements furnished to its shareholders. (ii) Excess reported amountsIf the aggregate reported amount with respect to the company for any taxable year exceeds the qualified short-term gain of the company for such taxable year, the term “short-term capital gain dividend” means the excess of—(I) the reported short-term capital gain dividend amount, over (II) the excess reported amount which is allocable to such reported short-term capital gain dividend amount. (iii) Allocation of excess reported amount(I) In generalExcept as provided in subclause (II), the excess reported amount (if any) which is allocable to the reported short-term capital gain dividend amount is that portion of the excess reported amount which bears the same ratio to the excess reported amount as the reported short-term capital gain dividend amount bears to the aggregate reported amount. (II) Special rule for noncalendar year taxpayersIn the case of any taxable year which does not begin and end in the same calendar year, if the post-December reported amount equals or exceeds the excess reported amount for such taxable year, subclause (I) shall be applied by substituting “post-December reported amount” for “aggregate reported amount” and no excess reported amount shall be allocated to any dividend paid on or before December 31 of such taxable year. (iv) DefinitionsFor purposes of this subparagraph—(I) Reported short-term capital gain dividend amountThe term “reported short-term capital gain dividend amount” means the amount reported to its shareholders under clause (i) as a short-term capital gain dividend. (II) Excess reported amountThe term “excess reported amount” means the excess of the aggregate reported amount over the qualified short-term gain of the company for the taxable year. (III) Aggregate reported amountThe term “aggregate reported amount” means the aggregate amount of dividends reported by the company under clause (i) as short-term capital gain dividends for the taxable year (including short-term capital gain dividends paid after the close of the taxable year described in section 855). (IV) Post-December reported amountThe term “post-December reported amount” means the aggregate reported amount determined by taking into account only dividends paid after December 31 of the taxable year. (D) Qualified short-term gainFor purposes of subparagraph (C), the term “qualified short-term gain” means the excess of the net short-term capital gain of the regulated investment company for the taxable year over the net long-term capital loss (if any) of such company for such taxable year. For purposes of this subparagraph, the net short-term capital gain of the regulated investment company shall be computed by treating any short-term capital gain dividend includible in gross income with respect to stock of another regulated investment company as a short-term capital gain. (E) Certain distributionsIn the case of a distribution to which section 897 does not apply by reason of the second sentence of section 897(h)(1), the amount which would be treated as a short-term capital gain dividend to the shareholder (without regard to this subparagraph)—(i) shall not be treated as a short-term capital gain dividend, and (ii) shall be included in such shareholder’s gross income as a dividend from the regulated investment company. (l) Rules relating to existing 80/20 companiesFor purposes of this subsection and subsection (i)(2)(B)—(1) Existing 80/20 company(A) In generalThe term “existing 80/20 company” means any corporation if—(i) such corporation met the 80-percent foreign business requirements of section 861(c)(1) (as in effect before the date of the enactment of this subsection) for such corporation’s last taxable year beginning before January 1, 2011, (ii) such corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of subparagraph (B) with respect to each taxable year after the taxable year referred to in clause (i), and (iii) there has not been an addition of a substantial line of business with respect to such corporation after the date of the enactment of this subsection. (B) Foreign business requirements(i) In generalExcept as provided in clause (iv), a corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of this subparagraph if it is shown to the satisfaction of the Secretary that at least 80 percent of the gross income from all sources of such corporation for the testing period is active foreign business income. (ii) Active foreign business incomeFor purposes of clause (i), the term “active foreign business income” means gross income which—(I) is derived from sources outside the United States (as determined under this subchapter), and (II) is attributable to the active conduct of a trade or business in a foreign country or possession of the United States. (iii) Testing periodFor purposes of this subsection, the term “testing period” means the 3-year period ending with the close of the taxable year of the corporation preceding the payment (or such part of such period as may be applicable). If the corporation has no gross income for such 3-year period (or part thereof), the testing period shall be the taxable year in which the payment is made. (iv) Transition ruleIn the case of a taxable year for which the testing period includes 1 or more taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011—(I) a corporation meets the 80-percent foreign business requirements of this subparagraph if and only if the weighted average of—(aa) the percentage of the corporation’s gross income from all sources that is active foreign business income (as defined in subparagraph (B) of section 861(c)(1) (as in effect before the date of the enactment of this subsection)) for the portion of the testing period that includes taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, and (bb) the percentage of the corporation’s gross income from all sources that is active foreign business income (as defined in clause (ii) of this subparagraph) for the portion of the testing period, if any, that includes taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2011, is at least 80 percent, and (II) the active foreign business percentage for such taxable year shall equal the weighted average percentage determined under subclause (I). (2) Active foreign business percentageExcept as provided in paragraph (1)(B)(iv), the term “active foreign business percentage” means, with respect to any existing 80/20 company, the percentage which—(A) the active foreign business income of such company for the testing period, is of (B) the gross income of such company for the testing period from all sources. (3) Aggregation rulesFor purposes of applying paragraph (1) (other than subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B)(iv) thereof) and paragraph (2)—(A) In generalThe corporation referred to in paragraph (1)(A) and all of such corporation’s subsidiaries shall be treated as one corporation. (B) SubsidiariesFor purposes of subparagraph (A), the term “subsidiary” means any corporation in which the corporation referred to in subparagraph (A) owns (directly or indirectly) stock meeting the requirements of section 1504(a)(2) (determined by substituting “50 percent” for “80 percent” each place it appears and without regard to section 1504(b)(3)). (4) RegulationsThe Secretary may issue such regulations or other guidance as is necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations or other guidance which provide for the proper application of the aggregation rules described in paragraph (3). (m) Treatment of dividend equivalent payments(1) In generalFor purposes of subsection (a), sections 881 and 4948(a), and chapters 3 and 4, a dividend equivalent shall be treated as a dividend from sources within the United States. (2) Dividend equivalentFor purposes of this subsection, the term “dividend equivalent” means—(A) any substitute dividend made pursuant to a securities lending or a sale-repurchase transaction that (directly or indirectly) is contingent upon, or determined by reference to, the payment of a dividend from sources within the United States, (B) any payment made pursuant to a specified notional principal contract that (directly or indirectly) is contingent upon, or determined by reference to, the payment of a dividend from sources within the United States, and (C) any other payment determined by the Secretary to be substantially similar to a payment described in subparagraph (A) or (B). (3) Specified notional principal contractFor purposes of this subsection, the term “specified notional principal contract” means—(A) any notional principal contract if—(i) in connection with entering into such contract, any long party to the contract transfers the underlying security to any short party to the contract, (ii) in connection with the termination of such contract, any short party to the contract transfers the underlying security to any long party to the contract, (iii) the underlying security is not readily tradable on an established securities market, (iv) in connection with entering into such contract, the underlying security is posted as collateral by any short party to the contract with any long party to the contract, or (v) such contract is identified by the Secretary as a specified notional principal contract, (B) in the case of payments made after the date which is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this subsection, any notional principal contract unless the Secretary determines that such contract is of a type which does not have the potential for tax avoidance. (4) DefinitionsFor purposes of paragraph (3)(A)—(A) Long partyThe term “long party” means, with respect to any underlying security of any notional principal contract, any party to the contract which is entitled to receive any payment pursuant to such contract which is contingent upon, or determined by reference to, the payment of a dividend from sources within the United States with respect to such underlying security. (B) Short partyThe term “short party” means, with respect to any underlying security of any notional principal contract, any party to the contract which is not a long party with respect to such underlying security. (C) Underlying securityThe term “underlying security” means, with respect to any notional principal contract, the security with respect to which the dividend referred to in paragraph (2)(B) is paid. For purposes of this paragraph, any index or fixed basket of securities shall be treated as a single security. (5) Payments determined on gross basisFor purposes of this subsection, the term “payment” includes any gross amount which is used in computing any net amount which is transferred to or from the taxpayer. (6) Prevention of over-withholdingIn the case of any chain of dividend equivalents one or more of which is subject to tax under subsection (a) or section 881, the Secretary may reduce such tax, but only to the extent that the taxpayer can establish that such tax has been paid with respect to another dividend equivalent in such chain, or is not otherwise due, or as the Secretary determines is appropriate to address the role of financial intermediaries in such chain. For purposes of this paragraph, a dividend shall be treated as a dividend equivalent. (7) Coordination with chapters 3 and 4For purposes of chapters 3 and 4, each person that is a party to any contract or other arrangement that provides for the payment of a dividend equivalent shall be treated as having control of such payment. (n) Cross references(1) For tax treatment of certain amounts distributed by the United States to nonresident alien individuals, see section 402(e)(2). (2) For taxation of nonresident alien individuals who are expatriate United States citizens, see section 877. (3) For doubling of tax on citizens of certain foreign countries, see section 891. (4) For adjustment of tax in case of nationals or residents of certain foreign countries, see section 896. (5) For withholding of tax at source on nonresident alien individuals, see section 1441. (6) For election to treat married nonresident alien individual as resident of United States in certain cases, see subsections (g) and (h) of section 6013. (7) For special tax treatment of gain or loss from the disposition by a nonresident alien individual of a United States real property interest, see section 897.